Abstract:Hydrothermal technology is a core environmental protection technique, which can be used in the waste water treatments and biomass conversion. In this paper, a novel idea is proposed to produce formic and acetic acids from wastewater containing phenolic compounds by alkali hydrothermal oxidations. The effects of major parameters on the yields of formic acid and acetic acid, including reaction temperature, reaction time, oxygen supply and types of alkali catalysts, were investigated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions for the production of formic and acetic acids were as follows: reaction temperature of 300 C, reaction time of 90 s, H2O2 supply of 60% and NaOH concentration of 1.5 mmoL. In the optimum condition the yields of formic acid and acetic acid reached 4.8% and 23.5%, respectively. In addition, the effect of different alkalis on the yields of formic and acetic acids was also investigated. The results showed that compared with the addition of NaOH, the addition of KOH showed a more pronounced effect on improving the yield of acetic acid. This research indicated that high value-added formic and acetic acids can be recovered as resources through hydrothermal oxidation of phenolic wastewater, and thus hydrothermal oxidation has a high potential for converting phenolic compounds in wastewater into value-added products.

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	1. Production of Formic and Acetic Acids from Phenol by Hydrothermal Oxidation
	LU Man,ZEN Xu,CAO Jianglin,HUO Zhibao,JIN Fangming
	Environmental Science and Techology 07 January 2011
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	Abstract:Hydrothermal technology is a core environmental protection technique, which can be used in the waste water treatments and biomass conversion. In this paper, a novel idea is proposed to produce formic and acetic acids from wastewater containing phenolic compounds by alkali hydrothermal oxidations. The effects of major parameters on the yields of formic acid and acetic acid, including reaction temperature, reaction time, oxygen supply and types of alkali catalysts, were investigated. The results indicated that the optimum conditions for the production of formic and acetic acids were as follows: reaction temperature of 300 C, reaction time of 90 s, H2O2 supply of 60% and NaOH concentration of 1.5 mmoL. In the optimum condition the yields of formic acid and acetic acid reached 4.8% and 23.5%, respectively. In addition, the effect of different alkalis on the yields of formic and acetic acids was also investigated. The results showed that compared with the addition of NaOH, the addition of KOH showed a more pronounced effect on improving the yield of acetic acid. This research indicated that high value-added formic and acetic acids can be recovered as resources through hydrothermal oxidation of phenolic wastewater, and thus hydrothermal oxidation has a high potential for converting phenolic compounds in wastewater into value-added products.
	TO cite this article:LU Man,ZEN Xu,CAO Jianglin, et al. Production of Formic and Acetic Acids from Phenol by Hydrothermal Oxidation[J].


	2. Biofilm coupled with UV irradiation for phenol degradation and its change of community structure
	Xia Siqing,Yan Ning,Zhu Jun,Zhang Yongming
	Environmental Science and Techology 21 December 2010
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	Abstract:The extensive use of phenol compounds and the inability to remove these compounds during wastewater treatment have resulted in the widespread occurrence of phenols in the natural environment. Phenols have been linked to serious risks to human and environmental health. Hence the need to develop methods for the removal of phenols from wastewater and source waters is a pressing challenge for our time. In this study, light ceramic particles were immersed in activated sludge acclimated to degrade phenol, and microorganisms were allowed to attach to the particles surface to form biofilm, then the ceramic particles with biofilm were moved into the photolytic circulating-bed biofilm reactor (PCBBR) made of quartz glass, which was used for degradation of phenol by three protocols:　photolysis with UV　light alone (P), biodegradation alone (B), and the two mechanisms operating simultaneously (photobiodegradation, P&B).　The experimental results indicated that phenol removal rate was quickest by B experiment. However, P&B experiment gave more complete mineralization of phenol than that by other protocols. During P&B experiment, the microorganisms grown on porous ceramic carrier still kept the bioactivity degrading phenol, even under UV light irradiation. But the dominant members of the bacterial community changed dramatically after the intimately coupled photo-biodegradation, according to molecular biological analysis to the biofilm. Whereas Beijerinckia sp. was the dominant strain in the inoculum, it was replaced by Thauera sp. MZ1T that played a main role on degrading phenol during P&B experiment.
	TO cite this article:Xia Siqing,Yan Ning,Zhu Jun, et al. Biofilm coupled with UV irradiation for phenol degradation and its change of community structure[J].

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	3. Analysis of the development of global carbon offsets
	Pan Lingxiao,Xu Jiren,Yang Yuanxuan
	Environmental Science and Techology 01 August 2010
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	Abstract:A carbon offset is a financial instrument aimed at a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.Carbon offsetting has gained some appeal and momentum mainly among consumers in western countries who have become aware and concerned about the potentially negative environmental effects of energy-intensive lifestyles and economies. In this papper, we will analysis the development situation of carbon offset.
	TO cite this article:Pan Lingxiao,Xu Jiren,Yang Yuanxuan. Analysis of the development of global carbon offsets[OL].[ 1 August 2010] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4380468


	4. Investigation of Solid Waste Management and its environmental problem in El
	John Leju Celestino Ladu,Marcelino Tombe Jada,Darious Lofu Celestino
	Environmental Science and Techology 14 April 2010
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	Abstract:This study attempts to investigate the management of solid wastes and evaluate other related environmental and human health aspects. El Obied accordingly was the focus of intensive field research. Interviews and observations were used to provide the necessary information. In this study, the sources and components of solid waste were identified, the quantity of solid waste disposed, methods of solid waste disposal and management evaluated, common diseases and disease vectors were assessed and the roles of public health department to solid waste management, problems it faces and workers general health condition were highlighted. Results showed that solid wastes in El Obied urban area were complex in composition and quantity. Management of solid wastes by public health department in El Obied is inefficient. Lack of finance, inadequate number of personnel Lack of transport and proper accommodation are the main problems causing mismanagement of solid wastes. Diseases resulting from poor environmental sanitation constitute the bulk of the health problems in the study area. Communicable diseases were highly prevalent. Accordingly, problem of solid waste management in EI-Obeid will continue to magnify and urban environment will uncontrollably deteriorate unless proper management is taken and the public cooperate with public health department in environmental sanitation of the town.
	TO cite this article:John Leju Celestino Ladu,Marcelino Tombe Jada,Darious Lofu Celestino. Investigation of Solid Waste Management and its environmental problem in El[OL].[14 April 2010] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/41909


	5. Modeling storm water runoff from green roofs with HYDRUS-1D
	John Leju Celestino Ladu,Paul Ladu Demetry,Thomas Oromo Henry,Xia Lijun
	Environmental Science and Techology 04 March 2010
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	Abstract:A study was carried on the effectiveness of green roofs to abate Storm water using computer simulation. In this study, the storm water performance was simulated for a modular block green roof using a packaged soil moisture simulation, HYDRUS-1D, with simulation results verified by study site data. Simulations were run using HYDRUS-1D for 24-h design storms to determine peak flow, retention and detention time for runoff. Storm data collected as part of a green roof study were used to validate HYDRUS-simulated runoff. The study site consisted of a 37 m2 (400 ft2) modular block green roof containing engineered soil and vegetation including several Sedum species. The study revealed that rainfall depth per storm strongly influences the performance of green roofs for storm water abatement, providing complete retention of small storms (<2.54 cm) and detention for larger storms, assuming the measured average moisture content (10%) as the antecedent condition.
	TO cite this article:John Leju Celestino Ladu,Paul Ladu Demetry,Thomas Oromo Henry, et al. Modeling storm water runoff from green roofs with HYDRUS-1D[OL].[ 4 March 2010] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/40410


	6. Hydrolysis of pretreated rice straw with surfactants at low cellulase dosage
	Yuan Xingzhong ,Liang Yunshan ,Zeng Guangming ,Wang Weiwei
	Environmental Science and Techology 26 January 2010
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	Abstract:The effects of three surfactants (Tween 80, saponin and monorhamnolipid) on the hydrolysis of NaOH-pretreated rice straw by low dosage of cellulase were studied. The results indicated that with a relatively low cellulase dosage (4 FPU g-1 substrate), all surfactants were able to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis, while the biosurfactant monorhamnolipid was demonstrated to be more active than Tween 80 and saponin. Monorhamnolipid at 0.006% increased reducing sugar yield by 23.15%, and the maximal sugar yield was obtained within half of the time compare to the control required. The cellulase losed 67% of its activity in the control, while the activity lost ratios were 31%~43% in the presence of the surfactants. The surfactants addition did not affect the pH of the hydrolysis system. This study provides an opportunity of decreasing enzyme dosage in hydrolysis of agricultural solid waste rich in cellulose.
	TO cite this article:Yuan Xingzhong ,Liang Yunshan ,Zeng Guangming , et al. Hydrolysis of pretreated rice straw with surfactants at low cellulase dosage[OL].[26 January 2010] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/39426


	7. New model of economic development in mining areas
	Zhai Fuqun,Liu Xueqing,Zhao Weiying,Wan Guangtong
	Environmental Science and Techology 26 August 2009
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	Abstract:The rapid development of coal mades much influence on the ecological environment, socio-economic, industrial and cultural and many other aspects. The economy of Mines during coal mining just rely on the rapid development of coal industry, while the gap between rich and poor is large; When coal mining is out, the ecological environment is deteriorating, the rapid decline in the pace of economic development or even retreat. In view of the status quo of mining development , the structure problems and environmental destruction.Starting from the source then goes on to the current exploitation of green economic development and long-term planning following the despline of sustainable development,and the coordination of coal industry and other industries Then introduce a new model of economic development and a prerequisite for the implementation and analysis of its feasibility.
	TO cite this article:Zhai Fuqun,Liu Xueqing,Zhao Weiying, et al. New model of economic development in mining areas[OL].[26 August 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/34650


	8. The study of implement cleaner production audits in coal enterprise
	WANG Qiang,Zhao YaNan,WANG Xiao
	Environmental Science and Techology 02 June 2009
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	Abstract:In recent years, the rapid growth of the economy increasing demand for energy, promote the increase of coal extraction. In the process,the waste of resources and environment pollution becomes more and more serious. This paper is based on the successful cleaner production audits of No.11 Coal Mine of Pingdingshan Coal Industry Group. Comprehensive analyzed the clean production process and key steps of practice, and economic, environmental and social benefits. the existing problems are discussed and analyzed, and puts forward the countermeasures and Suggestions. This cleaner production audits were produced 29 feasible schemes, including 21 low cost schemes, and 8 high cost schemes. after schemes implementation ,the main pollutant, COD reduce 50t/a, SO2 reduce 39.1t/a, mine water recycling improve 23.3% , Sewage reuse after realizing part. Tons of coal consumption reducing 2600kwh/million t. Through the cleaner production audits for the enterprise to realize the sustainable development, to lay the good foundation stralegy of purpose, and for other coal enterprises to develop cleaner production audits has certain theoretical guidance and practical application value
	TO cite this article:WANG Qiang,Zhao YaNan,WANG Xiao. The study of implement cleaner production audits in coal enterprise[OL].[ 2 June 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/32792


	9. A System Dynamics Approach for Urban Water Demand Forecasting
	Zhang Xuehua,Zhang Hongwei,Zhang Baoan
	Environmental Science and Techology 19 January 2009
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	Abstract:A system dynamics (SD) approach for urban water demand forecasting was developed based on the analysis of urban water resources system, which characters by multi-feedback and nonlinear interactions amongst system elements. As an example, Tianjin water resource system dynamic (SD) model was set up to forecast water resource demand of the planning years. The practical verification showed this method forecast relative error was lower than 10%. Furthermore, through comparing and analyzing the simulation results in different development mode which the article framed, the article got the forecasting results of the water resources demand of Tianjin in sustainable use of water resources strategy, thus afforded scientific support to sound plan of waterworks and its appendix building.
	TO cite this article:Zhang Xuehua,Zhang Hongwei,Zhang Baoan. A System Dynamics Approach for Urban Water Demand Forecasting[OL].[19 January 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/28064


	10. Biological municipal wastewater nutrients removal in anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) sequencing batch reactor: effect of organic carbon source addition
	Zheng Xiong,Li Hongjing,Tong Juan,Chen Yinguang
	Environmental Science and Techology 16 January 2009
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	Abstract:The effect of addition of organic carbon sources (acetic acid and waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid) on anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen, 0.15-0.45 mg/L) biological municipal wastewater treatment was investigated. The results showed that carbon source addition affected not only the transformations of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), glycogen, nitrogen and phosphorus, but the net removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. The removal efficiencies of TN and TP were respectively 61% and 61% without organic carbon source addition, 81% and 95% with acetic acid addition, and 83% and 97% with waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation liquid addition. It seems that the alkaline fermentation liquid of waste biosolids generated in biological wastewater treatment plant can be used to replace acetic acid as an additional carbon source to improve the anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) municipal wastewater nutrients removal although its use was observed to cause a slight increase of effluent BOD and COD concentrations.
	TO cite this article:Zheng Xiong,Li Hongjing,Tong Juan, et al. Biological municipal wastewater nutrients removal in anaerobic-aerobic (low dissolved oxygen) sequencing batch reactor: effect of organic carbon source addition[OL].[16 January 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/27985

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