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	1. Orf in goats in China: prevalence and risk factors
	GAO Yang,ZHAO Yanqing,LIU Jianpeng,ZHOU Ming,LIU Heyuan,LIU Fang,YANG Wenyu,CHEN Dekun
	Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Medicine 24 May 2016
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	Abstract:Orf is an important viral disease that affects goats and sheep and results in large economic losses. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of orf and to identify the potential risk factors of this disease in the main breeding areas of China. Among 1241 blood samples collected from goats without clinical signs of orf, 433 samples (34.89%) were positive for orf virus infection, which was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting a partial B2L sequence of the viral genome. Moreover, a total of 874 buccal swab samples were collected, of which 64 samples (7.32%) were positive for the orf virus on the basis of PCR detection. According to logistic regression, all of the variables, including age, breed, location and farm management, had significant impacts on the prevalence of orf. Lambs under intensive management in Yunnan province were more susceptible to orf virus infection than animals in other groups. Anglo-Nubian goats were at more risk of orf positivity than other breeds, whereas Saanen dairy goats were at significantly less risk. In summary, as the first epidemiological study of orf in China, our investigation suggested that orf is a neglected disease that requires more attention in the future.?????
	TO cite this article:GAO Yang,ZHAO Yanqing,LIU Jianpeng, et al. Orf in goats in China: prevalence and risk factors[OL].[24 May 2016] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4691826


	2. Effect of Neurokinin B on expression of GnRH and kisspeptin in the hypothalamus of rat
	Gao Xiaoxiao,Zhang Kaifa,Li Xiumei,Yang Chen,Luo Lei,Liu Ya,Fang Fugui,Zhang Xiaorong
	Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Medicine 06 May 2016
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	Abstract:The aim of study is to investigate the effect of central administration of neurokinin B (NKB) on the timing of puberty onset and the expression levels of kisspeptin and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) genes and proteins in the hypothalamus of rats. Prepubertal Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: NKB, vehicle, and control groups. The rats in the NKB group received intracerebroventricular injection of NKB solution, those in the vehicle group received injections of an equal volume of saline, and those in the control group did not receive any treatment. The rats were sacrificed, and the hypothalamus was obtained, sectioned, and used for fluorescence immunocolocalization of GnRH and kisspeptin immunoreactivity. Total RNA was extracted and quantified, and the DNA was analyzed using RT-PCR. The results of this study demonstrated that NKB treatment of prepubertal rats expedited the timing of vaginal opening (VO) and increased the ovary and uterus weights. Additionally, the hypothalamic expression of Kiss1 and GnRH mRNA and the number of GnRH-immunoreactive (ir) cells number significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) but increased in the paraventricularis nucleus (PVN) and median eminence (ME), while the number of kisspeptin-ir cells significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the ARC and periventricular nucleus (PeN) relative to the control. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the number of kisspeptin-ir cells in the PVN. Overall, the results suggest that NKB plays a major role in modulating the activity of kisspeptin and GnRH during puberty. Nevertheless, both kisspeptin and GnRH serve different functions in the in the different nuclei of the hypothalamus during the onset of puberty.
	TO cite this article:Gao Xiaoxiao,Zhang Kaifa,Li Xiumei, et al. Effect of Neurokinin B on expression of GnRH and kisspeptin in the hypothalamus of rat[OL].[ 6 May 2016] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4687301


	3. Isolation, Molecules characterization and Immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharide from Yu-Ping-Feng
	ZHAO Xiaona
	Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Medicine 05 May 2016
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	Abstract:Yu-Ping-Feng is a well-known traditional Chinese multi herbal formula, and it is frequently being used to treat cold and flu and inflammation-associated diseases. We aim to evaluate the immunostimulatory activity of polysaccharide from Yu-Ping-Feng(YPF-PS) in vitro on chicken macrophage to make clear the bioactive molecular of Yu-Ping-Feng. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and gas chromatography?mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, amino acid analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NRM) spectroscopy elucidated the structure of the YPF-PS. In order to evaluate the biological activities of YPF-PS, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced cell proliferation and phagocytosis rate and the levels of cytokine: nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 (IL-1β, IL-6), interferon beta (IFN-β) and costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 in chicken macrophage were detected. The results indicated that molecular weight the weight of YPF-PS was distributed on 5 KD~500 KDa, which is a mixture of glucose (Glu), fructose (Fru), arabinose (Ara) and few rhamnose with the molar ratio of 61.29: 55.47: 99.67: 19.58, having anomeric carbon signals of β-L-arabino furanoside, α-L-rhamnoside, α-D-glucopyranoside and β-D-fructofuranose. Furthermore, cell immunology experiments show that YPF-PS at dosage of 15.62 μgmL -1 could increase the LPS-induced cell proliferation and phagocytosis rate significantly in chicken macrophage, moreover, the levels of cytokine: NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-βin cells elevated obviously, equally shocking, costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 were detected having a tremendous enhancement. We believe that the YPF-PS has potent immunomodulatory properties and could be explored as a novel potential immunostimulant for the food and pharmaceuti

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