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	1. Differential expression patterns of Toll-like receptor 4 at the maternal-fetal interface of pregnant Yorkshire and Meishan pigs
	Liu Huazhen,Zhang Gaoying,Peng Kemei,Liu Yinxue,Yu Mei
	Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Medicine 31 December 2011
	Show/Hide Abstract \| Cite this paper︱Full-text: PDF (4K B)

	Abstract:Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been suggested to play a very important role in modulation of immunological tolerance in the human female reproductive tract. To better understanding of functions of TLR4 in establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in pigs, the study was performed to compare the expression patterns of TLR4 at maternal-fetal interface of pregnant Yorkshire and Meishan pigs. The uteri from Yorkshire and Meishan gilts on days 26 and 50 of gestation were obtained respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that TLR4 was detected in uterine epithelium and trophoblast of these two types of pigs on days 26 and 50 of gestation. In Yorkshire gilts, the expression of TLR4 was higher in uterine epithelium than that in trophoblast on day 26 of gestation, while it was lower in uterine epithelium than that in trophoblast on day 50 of gestation. In Meishan pigs, the expression of TLR4 in trophoblast was higher than that in uterine epithelium on either day 26 or day 50 of gestation and TLR4 was found to be mainly present in the cells located at the bottom of trophoblast on day 50 of gestation. Compared with Meishan pigs, TLR4 was abundant in uterine epithelium of Yorkshire pigs on days 26 and 50 of gestation, yet it was decreased in trophoblast of Yorkshire pigs on day 50 of gestation. The results indicated that TLR4 at the maternal-fetal interface is expressed in differential patterns between Yorkshire and Meishan pigs and provided novel information about the functions of TLR4 in pig pregnancy.
	TO cite this article:Liu Huazhen,Zhang Gaoying,Peng Kemei, et al. Differential expression patterns of Toll-like receptor 4 at the maternal-fetal interface of pregnant Yorkshire and Meishan pigs[OL].[31 December 2011] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4458651


	2. Nitrate Reduction to Inhibit Ruminal Methanogenesis and to Improve Microbial Nitrogen Synthesis
	Meng Qingxiang,Ren Liping,Zhou Zhenming,Lin Miao,Shi Caixia
	Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Medicine 13 December 2011
	Show/Hide Abstract \| Cite this paper︱Full-text: PDF (4K B)

	Abstract:The majority of research showed that nitrate can be administered to ruminants as a sole or major source of fermentable nitrogen. The research evidence leaves little doubt that nitrate, when included at sufficient concentrations in a diet so as to maintain optimum fermentation rate, can largely prevent enteric methane production and greately improve rumen microbial protein synthesis. Several microbial enzymes are characterised as nitrate and nitrite reductases and often are present in the anaerobic microorganisms. In practice, the limitation to nitrate use in a feed is its association with nitrite poisoning. However, nitrite accumulation appears to only occur when relatively large quantities of nitrate are suddenly introduced directly into the rumen of animals not accustomed to nitrate in their feed. Under normal situations, nitrate is not toxic to ruminant animals, but nitrite is detrimental to well being. The toxicity of nitrate is related to many factors, such as animal type, adaptation period, nitrate dosage, feed type and feed rate. Dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to nitrite and assimilatory reduction of nitrite to ammonia are pathways of nitrate metabolism in the rumen, and multiple nitrate/nitrite reductases are involved in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite then to ammonia. Nitrate addition can inhibit methane production in the rumen with the mechanisms that are inhibition of intermedial by-products during nitrate denitrification, and electron competition between nitrate and nitrite reducing bacteria and methanogenic organisms. Some factors influencing nitrate used in ruminant feeds are also discussed in detail.
	TO cite this article:Meng Qingxiang,Ren Liping,Zhou Zhenming, et al. Nitrate Reduction to Inhibit Ruminal Methanogenesis and to Improve Microbial Nitrogen Synthesis[OL].[13 December 2011] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4455495


	3. Paradigm of Time-sequence Development of the Intestine of Suckling Piglets with microarray
	SUN Yunzi,YU Bing,ZHANG Keying,HE Jun,CHEN Xijian,CHEN Daiwen
	Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Medicine 22 February 2011
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	Abstract:The interaction of the genes involved in intestinal development is the molecular basis of the regulatory mechanisms of intestinal development. The objective of this study was to identify the significant pathways and key genes that regulate intestinal development in Landrace piglets, and then to elucidate their rules of operation. The differential expression of genes related to intestinal development during suckling was investigated using a porcine genome array. Time sequence profiles were then analyzed for the differentially expressed genes to obtain significant expression profiles. Subsequently, the most significant profiles were assayed using Gene Ontology categories, pathway analysis, network analysis, and analysis of gene co-expression to unveil the main biological processes, the significant pathways, and the effective genes, respectively. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR was carried out to verify the reliability of the results of the analysis of the array. The results showed that more than 8000 differential expression transcripts were identified using microarray technology. Among the 30 significant model profiles obtained, profiles 66 and 13 were the most significant. Analysis of profiles 66 and 13 indicated that they were mainly involved in immunity, metabolism, and cell division or proliferation. Among the most effective genes in these two profiles, CN161469, which is similar to methylcrotonoyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase 2 (beta), and U89949.1, which encodes a folate binding protein, had a crucial influence on the co-expression network.
	TO cite this article:SUN Yunzi,YU Bing,ZHANG Keying, et al. Paradigm of Time-sequence Development of the Intestine of Suckling Piglets with microarray[OL].[22 February 2011] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4411626

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