Abstract:There have a large number of slope movements occurred in China annually. Especially, fatal landslides are the most hazardous, causing serious fatalities and significant economic loss. In this study, the data of fatal landslides were collected from China geological environment information site and Ministry of Land and Resources of China in the period 2004-2016. Then a statistical analysis of the data was carried out to explore the trend of fatal landslide and the distribution of its losses in economic and fatality. In the studied period, a total of 4,718 deaths are collected resulting from 537 fatal landslides. It represents a frequency of 42 events and an average of 363 deaths every year. Meanwhile, fatal landslides fatalities are getting closer to total deaths of all geological hazards with the disaster records improvement. Although the economic loss of fatal landslides accounts for a small proportion of all hazards loss, however, the total amount is still enormous, 6.75 billion yuan recorded. The spatial distribution of fatal landslides shows intensive clusters in Southwest and Southern China, particularly densely distributing in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Hunan. Then the temporal distribution reveals a strong correlation with the main raining season, with the largest quantity of events occurring between June and September. Among the fatal landslides of which triggering factors have been recognized, 81.8% are associated with rainfall. This research gives a comprehensive recognition of fatal landslides trend and provides baseline information for disaster prevention and mitigation.

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	1. Trend of fatal landslides in China
	ZHANG Fanyu,HUANG Xiaowei
	Earth Science 13 September 2017
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	Abstract:There have a large number of slope movements occurred in China annually. Especially, fatal landslides are the most hazardous, causing serious fatalities and significant economic loss. In this study, the data of fatal landslides were collected from China geological environment information site and Ministry of Land and Resources of China in the period 2004-2016. Then a statistical analysis of the data was carried out to explore the trend of fatal landslide and the distribution of its losses in economic and fatality. In the studied period, a total of 4,718 deaths are collected resulting from 537 fatal landslides. It represents a frequency of 42 events and an average of 363 deaths every year. Meanwhile, fatal landslides fatalities are getting closer to total deaths of all geological hazards with the disaster records improvement. Although the economic loss of fatal landslides accounts for a small proportion of all hazards loss, however, the total amount is still enormous, 6.75 billion yuan recorded. The spatial distribution of fatal landslides shows intensive clusters in Southwest and Southern China, particularly densely distributing in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Hunan. Then the temporal distribution reveals a strong correlation with the main raining season, with the largest quantity of events occurring between June and September. Among the fatal landslides of which triggering factors have been recognized, 81.8% are associated with rainfall. This research gives a comprehensive recognition of fatal landslides trend and provides baseline information for disaster prevention and mitigation.
	TO cite this article:ZHANG Fanyu,HUANG Xiaowei. Trend of fatal landslides in China[OL].[13 September 2017] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4741454


	2. Middle Cambrian Diplocraterion parallelum from North China: Ethologic significance and facies controls
	Zhang Lijun,Buatois Luis M.,MáNGANO Gabriela M.,Qi yongan,Tai Chao
	Earth Science 28 April 2017
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	Abstract:The middle Cambrian Mantou Formation of the Mianchi section of western Henan Province, North China provides an opportunity to address infaunal colonization during the aftermath of the Cambrian explosion. The trace fossil Diplocraterion is common within intertidal very fine-grained sandstone of the Member II of the Mantou Formation (Stage 5). Diplocraterion consists of perpendicular to bedding plane, lined U-shaped burrows with well-developed marginal tubes, having distinctive, dark and light colored, laminae forming retrusive and protrusive spreiten reflecting the activity of a suspension feeder. No scratches are observed on the wall of the marginal tubes. SEM-EDS mapping detection shows that the dark laminae are dominated by Si, Al and Fe, whereas the light laminae are dominated by Ca and Si. Based on ichnological, stratigraphical and SEM-EDS features, it is suggested that the specimens of Diplocraterion studied here results from the equilibrium behavior and that the delayed appearance of this ichnotaxon in North China is due to lack of appropriate siliciclastic facies.
	TO cite this article:Zhang Lijun,Buatois Luis M.,MáNGANO Gabriela M., et al. Middle Cambrian Diplocraterion parallelum from North China: Ethologic significance and facies controls[OL].[28 April 2017] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4730535

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	3. The internal anatomy and the cell movement of Lower Cambrian gastrula
	YAO Xiaoyong,ZHENG Yajuan,GUO Junfeng,HAN Jian
	Earth Science 29 March 2017
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	Abstract:The extraordinarily well-preserved fossil embryos recovered from the Lower Cambrian are known from both cleavage and gastrula stages and, consequently, it has the potential to yield vital insights into developmental evolution at that time. However, they are not generally accepted as gastrula fossils because of the gastrulation processes and internal structures in these embryos are poorly characterized. Here we show rare gastrula specimens in which internal anatomical features preserved. The yolk consumed in the endoderm formation and the pharynx was appeared after the archenteron formed indicates our embryo fossils are most probably 'direct-developing' animals; although the epibolic gastrulation and radial symmetry suggest a cnidaria Sea anemone affinity, the precise phylogenic position of them is still uncertain because of lacking reliable later stages in development; we also present the cell movement of epibolic gastrulas, the embryonic mechanisms have been compared with modern pattern: enveloping layer extension were observed in our fossils; and similar with purse-string-like contraction of marginal cells, the zigzag margin contraction of the epibolic frontier to reduce their perimeter that push the margin forward, all of which hint that the embryonic mechanisms of the modern embryos had evolved in Lower Cambrian.
	TO cite this article:YAO Xiaoyong,ZHENG Yajuan,GUO Junfeng, et al. The internal anatomy and the cell movement of Lower Cambrian gastrula[OL].[29 March 2017] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4723528


	4. Chaijiazhuang pluton in the Tianshui area: petrogenesis and magma mixing
	QIN Jiangfeng,SUN Danhui,ZHANG Bo
	Earth Science 11 May 2015
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	Abstract:The Chaijiazhuang pluton occurs in the western Qinling orogen, Tianshui area, central China. The pluton contain some magmatic mafic microgranular enclaves, which are fine-grained and contain acicular apatite and plagioclase megacrysts,. The mafic microgranular enclaves have lower SiO2 (60.27% - 60.38%) and higher Mg#=54-55 and Nb/Ta(14.8-16.6), this indicates that they may result from partial melting of the sub-continental lithosphere mantle(SCLM). Geochemically, the host monzonitic granite show some adakitic characteristics with high Sr, Ba, low Y and HREE, high Sr/Y(88-98) and Y/Yb(13-15) ratios, but tend to have a higher concentration of K2O（4.01%～4.53%）. The high (La/Yb)N ratios, concave-unward shapes of the HREE and a lack of significant Eu anomalies, high Ba and Sr as well as low aboundances of Y and HREE suggest a feldspar-poor, garnet ± amohibole-rich fractionation mineral assemblage. Coupled with previous studies we propose that the Chaijiazhuang monzonitic granite may be result from partial melting of thickened lower crust, the latter was triggered by underplating mafic magma which was caused by subducting slab breakoff during the late orogenic stage in Western Qinling Orogen.
	TO cite this article:QIN Jiangfeng,SUN Danhui,ZHANG Bo. Chaijiazhuang pluton in the Tianshui area: petrogenesis and magma mixing[OL].[11 May 2015] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4642435


	5. Numerical Simulation of Water Flow in Mine Waste Rock Pile
	JIANG Liguo
	Earth Science 29 April 2015
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	Abstract:As a long-term source of contaminant solutes, the flow of water within a waste rock pile containing reactive sulfide minerals significantly contributes to the solutes transportation. In this paper, a waste rock pile with the internal structures and grain size distribution from a typical waste dump is introduced as the geometric configuration. A numerical model is then applied to simulate unsaturated flow within a waste rock pile constructed with two primary materials. The simulations results show that the water movement within heterogeneous pile mainly depended on the internal structures. The flow of water can be controlled by the fine material layers within the coarse materials. These fine material layers form a capillary barrier which preventing the water infiltrate towards the centre of the pile. They can retain more water than coarse materials and form a ponding effect and/or percolation points within the pile.
	TO cite this article:JIANG Liguo. Numerical Simulation of Water Flow in Mine Waste Rock Pile[OL].[29 April 2015] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4640782


	6. Application of Hard-Soft Acid-Base (HSAB) theory to explain the metallogenic specialization of magmatic hydrothermal deposits
	WANG Yang,JIAO Yongling
	Earth Science 17 October 2014
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	Abstract:From the view of hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) theory, the metallogenic specialization of hydrothermal ore deposits can be regarded as the consequence of the maximum hardness principle (MHP) and the minimum electrophilicity principle (mEP), which govern the reactions among the magma, the ore-forming ions and the anions from magmatic fluid phase. According to the HSAB theory, fluorine is a hard base with high electrophilicity and hardness, it can attract the hard acid such as tungsten (W) and tin (Sn); conversely, sulfur is a soft base with low electrophilicity and hardness, it can attract the soft acid such as copper (Cu) and gold (Au); meanwhile, chlorine exhibits intermediate properties, so it mainly attracts the borderline acid such as iron (Fe), rare earth elements (REE), and gold. As the hardness of the hydrothermal fluids bearing ions such as F, Cl, and/or S is always higher than that of the silicate melts, the magmatic fluid can segregate the ore-forming metals from the melts during the hydrothermal stage of magmatic evolution. The felsic magmas generated in the collisional environment is fluorine-rich, it can attract the hard acid (W and Sn) from the source, and leads to the W and/or Sn metallogensis. However, the arc magma has much higher sulfur content, and these melts will attract the soft acid (Cu, Au) from the source to form the porphyry deposit. The chlorine and/or CO2 are enriched in the alkaline magmas generated in the intraplate extensional environment, which can attract the borderline ions such as Fe, Au, and REE to form the iron-oxides-copper-gold (IOCG) deposit.
	TO cite this article:WANG Yang,JIAO Yongling. Application of Hard-Soft Acid-Base (HSAB) theory to explain the metallogenic specialization of magmatic hydrothermal deposits[OL].[17 October 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4613890


	7. Methane emissions from mud volcanoes in the Southern Junggar Basin, China
	Wan Zhifeng
	Earth Science 30 July 2014
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	Abstract:Methane emissions from geological sources have recently been recognised as an important component of the atmospheric methane budget. Mud volcano eruptions are an important source of methane gas emissions. A mud volcano is a geological structure formed as a result of the emission of argillaceous material on the Earth's surface or sea floor. Mud volcanoes are widely distributed, and their methane emissions are enormous. Increasing methane emissions from mud volcanoes would mean a significant increase in natural carbon emissions worldwide, with a corresponding significant effect on the worldwide environment. The annual methane emission of a single mud volcano in the southern margin of Junggar Basin, northwestern China, equals up to 666.20 m3. Additionally, the estimated annual methane emissions might be up to 3.33 × 107 m3 in the study area, which measures 200 × 100 m2. Thus, more attention should be focused on the methane emitted from mud volcanoes.
	TO cite this article:Wan Zhifeng. Methane emissions from mud volcanoes in the Southern Junggar Basin, China[OL].[30 July 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4605218


	8. Optical dating of the high lake level events documented in the core drilled in the Dengkou Subuplift within the huge Jilantai-Hetao Basin
	ZHANG Fu,FAN Yuxin,CHEN Xiaolong,ZHANG Fan,LIU Wenhao,WANG Jin
	Earth Science 23 June 2014
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	Abstract:Dengkou Subuplift is a sensitive area to lake level changes of the close neighboring Jilantai Subdepression within the Jilantai-Hetao Basin. The entire stratigraphic sequence of the core DK12 drilled on the Dengkou Subuplift revealed that the present sandy land in the area of the Subuplift Dengkou was evolved from a shallow lake with several cycles of regression and transgression. OSL dating results indicate that the Dengkou Subuplift was once covered by a lake during three intervals, such as sometime prior to 76 ka, 52-39 ka and 13-8 ka. Combining with the previous investigations and dating results on shorelines within subdepressions (e.g. Jilantai), these results further support that if there was the so-called Megalake Jilantai-Hetao covering the most area of the Jilantai Basin and the Hetao Basin, the highest lake level should be sometime prior to 76 ka and likely before 90 ka if OSL ages of k-feldspar were widely accepted. However, the Dengkou Subuplift was covered by eolian sand accumulation, most like a lakeshore and desert in the intervals of 76-52 ka and 39-13 ka respectively. During the time span of 52-39 ka, area of the Dengkou Subuplift was submerged by a high lake level, which might be originated from a northward shift of the center of the Jilantai-Hetao Basin as a response to the accelerated uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. During 13-8 ka, the Dengkou Subuplift was flooded again by the inflow of the Yellow River through the present southeast Ulan Buh Desert to form the namely Tushenze lake.
	TO cite this article:ZHANG Fu,FAN Yuxin,CHEN Xiaolong, et al. Optical dating of the high lake level events documented in the core drilled in the Dengkou Subuplift within the huge Jilantai-Hetao Basin[OL].[23 June 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4602039


	9. Geologic characteristics of the Chang'E-3 exploration region
	ZHAO Jiannan,HUANG Jun,QIAO Le,XIAO ZhiYong,HUANG Qian,WANG Jiang,HE Qi,XIAO Long
	Earth Science 21 January 2014
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	Abstract:We present topographic, geomorphologic and compositional characteristics of a 1 ×1 (~660 km2) region centered near the landing site of Chang'E-3 using the highest spatial resolution data available. We analyze the topography and slope using Digital Terrain Model (DTM) generated from Terrain Camera (TC) images. The exploration region is overall relatively flat and the elevation difference is less than 300 m, and the slopes of 80% area are less than 5 . Impact craters in the exploration region are classified into four types based on their degradation states. We investigate the wrinkle ridges visible in the exploration region in detail using TC and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) images. We calculate FeO and TiO2 abundances using Multispectral Imager (MI) data, and confirm two basaltic units: the northern part belongs to Imbrian low-Ti/very-low-Ti mare basalts, and the southern part is Eratosthenian low-Ti/high-Ti mare basalts. Finally, we produce a geological map and propose the geologic evolution of the exploration region. We also suggest several rover traverses to explore interesting targets and maximize the potential scientific output.
	TO cite this article:ZHAO Jiannan,HUANG Jun,QIAO Le, et al. Geologic characteristics of the Chang'E-3 exploration region[OL].[21 January 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4582936


	10. Mechanism and estimation of the pockmarks in the subaqueous Yellow River delta
	LIU Hongjun,WANG Hu
	Earth Science 17 December 2013
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	Abstract:The genesis mechanism and estimation method of pockmarks in the subaqueous Yellow River delta are investigated experimentally and theoretically, in which the wave-induced seepage is particularly considered. First of all, laboratory simulation tests were carried out to explore the response of silty seabed under cyclic loads, in which the layers and the saturation of seabed were considered. Excess pore pressure and seepage-related phenomenon was observed. The excess pore pressure was found to decrease more rapidly at the surface layer and the scale of seepage channels would be bigger with bigger amplitude of the cyclic loads and lower saturation of the underlying layer. In addition, the relationship between wave-induced seepage and pockmark was discussed, and the estimation of wave-induced seepage was proposed. Then, Mathematical model to simulate wave-induced excess pore pressure in the seabed was given. The model was then verified and corresponding parameters were calibrated by comparing with the laboratory tests results. Furthermore, the model was applied to the on-site Yellow River delta, in which different wave conditions and different stratifications of the seabed were considered. The genesis mechanism of pockmarks was summarized through the calculated results and the existing in-situ investigations. The wave-induced seepage in the seabed is a direct cause of the pockmarks in the subaqueous Yellow River delta; Extreme storm waves are necessary external factors; The surface hard layer and the underlying unsaturated weak layer would be certain internal factors; Scour and transport that caused by wave and current would be factors that contribute to the late reformation of the pockmarks in the subaqueous Yellow River delta.
	TO cite this article:LIU Hongjun,WANG Hu. Mechanism and estimation of the pockmarks in the subaqueous Yellow River delta[OL].[17 December 2013] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4574705

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