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| Most existing image forensics approaches can effectively reveal image forgery by single image manipulation. However, two or more image manipulations, which are referred to be image operation chains, are usually involved in actual image tampering. In this paper, an image forensics approach is proposed to identify an image operation chain, which is possibly made up of three typical image manipulations including image sharping, scaling and median filtering. Since different image manipulations leave their distinct fingerprints, there also exist specific traces formed by interaction or superposition of different fingerprints left by multiple image manipulations in a specific order. Inspired by the rich image steganalytic features, we attempt to identify image operation chain by combining residue-based features in spatial domain and DCT domain. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves good detection result, which effectively discriminate multiple operation chains among different combinations of sharpening, scaling and median filtering. Moreover, the proposed method has good robustness against JPEG compression. |
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| Keywords:Image signal processing; digital image tampering forensics; image operation chains; hybrid domains; co-occurrence features |
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