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Sponsored by the Center for Science and Technology Development of the Ministry of Education
Supervised by Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
Two complementary terms are suggested essential for surface energetics and its responsibility for surface processes. One is the energy density gain per unit volume in surface skin and the other is the cohesive energy remain per discrete atom upon surface formation. The former governs surface mechanics and derivatives yet the latter dominates chemical reactivity and thermal and structural stability of the surface. The shortened and strengthened bonds between the under-coordinated atoms dictate these identities that depend nonlinearly upon the temperature of testing at low temperature regime. Reproduction of measurements has led to information about single bond energy and volume energy density in the bulk.