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September 30,2010
Volume 3,Issue 18
Pages -
Subject Area:Food Packaging and Storage,Fruit, Vegetable Processing Technology,Basic Subject of Food Science and Technology,Forest Hydrology,Garden Botany,Crop Cultivation,Crop Germplasm Resources Science,Agricultural Engineering,Agricultural Mechanization

Title: Heat and mass transfer mathematical model of cabbage vacuum pre-cooling and experimental research

Authors: KAN Ankang, HAN Houde, GENG Jinliang
PP: 1950-1954
Abstract: The cabbage was taken as the study object in this paper. The heat and mass transfer mathematical models for the cylindrical vegetable were built and the experimental method was introduced to prove them. The comparison and analysis, under the certain vacuum degree of the vacuum chamber, was done between the simulation and the experiment. And the differences of the vacuum degree in the chamber, the temperature change of the cabbage, the relative humidity in the chamber and the cabbage mass loss, in the experiment and the simulation, were all recorded. The reason of the parameters variance and existent deference was also analyzed in this paper. The mathematical models and the result were useful for the study on the cylindrical vegetable vacuum pre-cooling technology.
Keywords: food package and storage; cabbage; vacuum pre-cooling technology; mathematical model; experimental research

Title: Effects of high pressure carbon dioxide on juicing characteristics of apple slices

Authors: ZHANG Liyun, NIU Shuang, YANG Yingjie, XU Zenghui, FANG Yudan, LIAO Xiaojun
PP: 1942-1949
Abstract: The paper studied juicing characteristics of apple slices treated by high pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD) at 10-30 MPa for 20 min or 10 MPa for 10-50 min at 25℃ and storage stability of apple cloudy juice. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was completely inactivated at 10 MPa for 20 min; but pectin methylesterase (PME) was more resistant to HPCD, and its least residual activity was 41.21% at 30 MPa for 20 min. HPCD retained better color of cloudy apple juice, the L value increased significantly while the a and b value decreased. The turbidity decreased with increasing of the pressure or the treatment time. After 7 d storage at 4℃, the browning degree of showed no significant changes, whereas the cloudy apple juice from the control group completely browned.
Keywords: processing and storage of agriculture products; cloudy apple juice; high pressure carbon dioxide; polyphenol oxidase; pectin methylesterase

Title: Development of banana peel jam

Authors: ZHU Xinyu, WANG Xiaoping, WANG Jiahong, WU Caie
PP: 1933-1941
Abstract: The fresh peel of Weiliansi banana from Hainan was taken as the raw material to make banana peel jam. The best manufacturing process was showed in the result. The peel should be immersed in the solvent consisted by 0.25 percent citric acid, 0.25 percent phytic acid and 0.15 percent Vitamin C for 30 minutes, and this is the best method to protect the peel’s color. The peel should be blanched in hot water for 3 minutes, and then broken in the organization crusher for 30 seconds with 5 percent solvent to protect color. 0.4 percent gelatin and 0.09 percent citric acid were added into the peel to remove astringency. The peel was stewed the broken with 55 percent sucrose and 0.15 percent xanthan for 5 minutes. The jam should be put into glass bottle when the center temperature is 90℃.
Keywords: processing and utilization of by-product in food industry; banana peel; jam; color protection; homogeneous; blending

Title: The secondary structure of wheat germ 8S globulin by FTIR spectra

Authors: ZHU Kexue, GUO Xiaona, ZHOU Huiming
PP: 1929-1932
Abstract: Wheat germ 8S globulin was the major fraction of wheat germ globulin, hence it is necessary to deeply understand some information about wheat germ 8S globulin to promote it development and utilization. In this paper, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrometer was adopted to study the secondary structure of wheat germ 8S globulin. The results of experiments showed that 8S globulin was a protein rich in β sheet structure (53.8％), followed by α helical (23.5％) and random coil structure (22.7％).
Keywords: processing and utilization of by-products from food processing; wheat germ 8S globulin; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; secondary structure

Title: Study on rainfall partitioning in evergreen broad-leaved forest shrub in Tiantong, Zhejiang

Authors: SHEN Huitao, YOU Wenhui
PP: 1919-1928
Abstract: It is important to study the rainfall partitioning of vegetation to understand the hydrological functions of forest ecosystems. The rainfall redistribution of evergreen broad-leaved forest shrub in Tiantong National Forest Park was studied by permanent plot method. The results showed that the amount of rainfall outside the forest was 1 384.4 mm, and the throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception accounted for 65.4%, 9.2% and 25.4% of total rainfall, respectively. When the rainfall outside the forest was more than 3.3 mm, throughfall and stemflow would happen. The throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception had highly significant linear positive correlation with rainfall (P<0.01). However, the throughfall rate was correlated with precipitation amount by logarithm, and canopy interception rate had power relationship with rainfall. Coefficient of variations decreased along the increasing amount of rainfall in shrub. The number of gauges required to hold the standard errors of 0.05 and 0.1 were calculated. When the rainfall decreased, it was required to increase the number of throughfall holding devices for improving the representativeness of the observation data.
Keywords: forest hydrology; evergreen broad-leaved forest shrub; throughfall; stemflow; canopy interception; Tiantong

Title: Soil water repellency in the dark coniferous forest ecosystem of Gongga Mountain

Authors: NIU Jianzhi, SHAO Wenwei, YU Xinxiao, ZHAO Yutao, ZHANG Zhiqiang, WANG Qinglong
PP: 1912-1918
Abstract: The paper develops a study on soil water repellency in dark coniferous forest ecosystem along the upper reach of Yangtze River through a combination of field investigation of litter and moss and soil column experiment. According to the stock volume and moisture retention ability of litter and moss, the litter and moss within the research field across different development stages have big stock volume and high moisture retention ability, which increases the possibility of soil water repellency. At the same time, the water containing value gained during soil column experiment shows that soil water has penetrated into groundwater even before it satisfies the field water-holding capacity. As a result, the study displays that the soil within research field is featured by rapid soil moisture transport and soil water repellency. Also, by using water droplet penetration time (WDPT) test, it shows that the surface water-holding time is largely over five seconds among different soil levels across four development stages in the beginning of rainfall, which proves that the soil within the research filed is characterized by soil water repellency.
Keywords: soil and water conservation and desertification combating; soil water repellency; preferential flow; litter layer; soil moisture; water droplet penetration time test

Title: Microstructure and retarding mechanism of gypsum

Authors: DENG Yuhe, CHEN Min, XUAN Ling, HAN Zhenhua, WANG Jun, ZHOU Mei, CHEN Chen, WANG Ningsheng
PP: 1904-1911
Abstract: The retarding mechanism of different retarders was explored by analysing the concentration of Ca2+ in the hydrating system, the morphology of gypsum crystals and effect of pH value on the retarding efficiency of citric acid with some modern instruments, such as fire atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and so on. Test results showed that the retarding efficiency of inorganic retarder is very different from that of organic retarder. As an organic retarder, citric acid has no effect on the initial supersaturation of the hydrating system, but holds back the combination of Ca2+, SO42- and water by chelated reaction with Ca2+ in the liquid. Meanwhile, the calcium citrate covers the surface of the nuclear of dihydrate gypsum crystal. So the form and growth of dehydrated gypsum crystal are delayed. In contrast, anhydrous sodium carbonate (a kind of inorganic retarder) delays the hydrating process by the adhering of calcium carbonate to the gypsum crystal. Its lacking of chelated reaction leads to quite poor retarding efficiency compared with citric acid.
Keywords: wood science and technology; retarder; citric acid; sodium carbonate; retarding mechanism; gypsum crystal

Title: Study on the rapid micropropagation and the establishment of regeneration system of several Oriental hybrids lily and Asiatic hybrids lily cultivars

Authors: LI Nan, WU Shasha, DIAO Yiwei, LV Yingmin, ZHANG Qixiang
PP: 1893-1903
Abstract: Rapid micropropagation and regeneration system of Oriental hybrids lily and Asiatic hybrids lily cultivars were studied. Oriental hybrids lily cultivars ‘Siberia’, ‘Sorbonne’ and Asiatic hybrids lily cultivar ‘Elite’ were selected as the material. These studies were divided into two parts, one is rapid micropropagation, and the other is the establishment of regeneration system. The results show that: The rapid micropropagation research has obtained the optimum growth culture of explants, proliferation culture and rooting culture for ‘Siberia’, ‘Sorbonne’ and ‘Elite’. The bulblets were enlarged and root growth was promoted by increasing phosphorus concentration to 1.5 times of standard MS. The bulblets were also enlarged by using 1.5 mg/L PP333. The following were resulted from the research of the establishment of regeneration system. The optimum inducement media for callus from scales of ‘Siberia’ and ’Sorbonne’ were as follows: MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 1.0 mg/L and MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L, the optimum medium for the regeneration of callus was as follows: MS+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L. The fitting inducement medium for callus from scales of ‘Elite’ was: MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L, the optimum medium for the regeneration of callus was: MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L.
Keywords: ornamental horticulture; lily; rapid micropropagation; regeneration system

Title: The comprehensive evaluation of present situation of modern agricultural development in Yangtze River Delta

Authors: DU Huazhang
PP: 1885-1892
Abstract: The phase characteristic of modern agricultural development has different manifestation in the course of modern agricultural development between different zones. The modern agricultural development in Yangtze River Delta in different region is diverse. The 11 key economic indicators for the present situation of modern agricultural development in Yangtze River Delta are chosen. At first, applying factor analysis method, 3 factors for 3 phases of modern agricultural development have been chosen to evaluate stage and level of modern agricultural development of 16 areas in Yangtze River Delta, then combining the results of the clustering analysis to divide the present situation of modern agricultural development of 16 areas in Yangtze River Delta into 3 levels to evaluate, and some corresponding countermeasures are put forward.
Keywords: agricultural economics; modern agriculture; factor analysis; clustering analysis; Yangtze River Delta

Title: Study on inhibition of glycosaminoglycan K3 to tobacco bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)

Authors: ZHAO Zhifeng, LIU Zhenzhen, LIU Yixin, CHANG Heng, YU Xiawei
PP: 1880-1884
Abstract: Ralstonia solanacearum were treated with glycosaminoglycan like compounds K3, a novel anti-bacterial agent, which had been screened by our laboratory. In order to explore the effect of K3 on R.solanacearum，inhibitory ratio was determined and indoor toxicity test was done. The results showed that: 1) R. solanacearum were all killed when the concentration of K3 was 10 mg/L or more. 99.52 % R. solanacearum were inhibited when the concentration of K3 reduced to 5 mg/L. Even when treated with 0.2 mg/L K3, the inhibitory ratio was still as high as 44.74%; 2) EC5, EC50, EC95 of K3 to R. solanacearum were 0.017, 0.229, 3.064 mg/L respectively. These results demonstrated that K3 had a strong inhibiting effect on R. solanacearum. Therefore, it has the potential to become a high effective anti-bacterial agent to tobacco bacterial wilt in field.
Keywords: plant protection; glycosaminoglycan K3; tobacco bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum); bacteriostasis

Title: Study on the spatial variability characteristic of soil pH of county territory

Authors: YANG Hong, SHAO Xiaohou, BAO Huan
PP: 1873-1879
Abstract: This paper has done with the Shuangliu county soil pH value of 623 sampled data and conducted the research and the discussion to its spatial variability characteristic by using the method combining statistics and the geographical information system (GIS) spatial analysis technology. The results indicate: 1) The average value (6.06) of Shuangliu county’s soil pH belongs to low-acid value. In the various sampling points, very strong acid accounts for 2%, relative strong acid accounts for 5%, strong acid accounts for 15%, medium acid accounts for 31%, the low acid accounts for 23%, and neutrality accounts for 15%. 2) The block gold number/pedestal base value is 68% of Shuangliu county’ soil pH, explaining it has the medium degree spatial relevance. The related distance is 3 600 m, and its change is mainly influenced by constitutive factor and randomness factor. 3) Shuangliu county’s soil pH assumes the zonality distribution. The pH values of the areas in the southeast mountainous region and the hill have obvious transition tendency from high to low, but changes in the direction of northwest plain are smaller.
Keywords: soil science; semivariance function; geostatistics; spatial variability

Title: Study on the relationship between field water capacity and photosynthesis of cultivated Dioscorea nipponica Makino

Authors: SHI Lei, TIAN Yixin, WU Huibin, YANG Haifeng, LIU Yang, ZHANG Yan
PP: 1869-1872
Abstract: The relationship between field water capacity and photosynthesis of cultivated Dioscorea nipponica Makino was researched in this paper to supply a theory reference in the herbs’ water management. The pot experiment was used and the relative photosynthesis parameters were measured with portable photosynthesis instrument CI-340. The results showed that the three photosynthesis parameters of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE) all reached a higher value when the field water capacity was 70%. The diurnal variation of the Pn tended to a double-peak curve when the field water capacity was beyond 50%. The peak values appeared at 12：00 and 16：00, they were 7.3, 6.5 μmol·m-2·s-1 respectively, showed a slight “noon break” phenomena. The conclusion, therefore, is that the 70% field water capacity would be the optimum value in the Dioscorea nipponica Makino cultivation.
Keywords: crop cultivation; Dioscorea nipponica Makino; field water capacity; photosynthesis

Title: Morphological characteristics analysis for Leucaena leucocephala

Authors: YU Daogeng, LIU Guodao, BAI Changjun
PP: 1862-1868
Abstract: The relative analysis method and principal components analysis (PCA) as well as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) are all adopted to analyze the 9 main quantitative characteristics of 45 Leucaena leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wit introduced by Tropical Pasture Centre of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences. The preliminary results reveal that: L. leucocephala shows strong morphological diversity and its variant coefficient is between 11.10% and 31.23%, the average of variant coefficient is 16.67%. There are remarkable correlations among some of morphological characters of L. leucocephala. The maximal correlation coefficient reaches to 0.778; 6 principal components of L. leucocephala including grain size, leaves, pairs of leaves, leaf axis length, pod length and grain weight are divided with PCA. Three morphological types based on the nine characteristics are divided with HCA, that are L. leucocephala Hawaii, L. leucocephala Salvador and intermediate type.
Keywords: agronomy; Leucaena leucocephala; morphological characteristics; cluster analysis; principal component analysis

Title: Study on the reason reducing production of soybeans planted continuously and the way to get more output: symbiotic nitrogen fixation of soybeans planted continuously and alternately

Authors: HE Zhihong, XU Yanli, LIU Zhongtang, HAN Xiaozeng, HE Xueying
PP: 1853-1861
Abstract: The experiments had been carried out by 8 years in 9 rotation nurses with 9 plots and series of field experiments in 6 ecological regions of Heilongjiang province since 1993. In the same time, the investigation was made in soybean fields. The factors to effect on symbiotic nitrogen fixation were studied, such as number of years, by which soybeans were planted continuously, and rhizosphere microecology, in which stubble decomposing and microorganism of rhizosphere soil were included. Also, symbiotic association, distribution of nitrogen in soybean plants and the relationship between nodule number, weight and yield of soybean planted continuously were studied and analysed. It was investigated to apply nitrogen fertilizer and protection of nitrogen, to use antibiotic agents,and to take farming measures. In the same time, it was studied that application effect of several major adjustment measures alone and combinatively on symbiotic nitrogen fixation of soybean planted continuously and alternately. The result showed that the number of nodules and the ability of nitrogen fixation of soybeans planted continuously and alternately were reduced. It is one of the reasons to reduce growing and developing and to reduce yield of continuous soybeans.
Keywords: agronomy; crop cultivation; soybean planted continuously and alternately; symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Title: A method for determining standard instantaneous CO2 efflux of soil profile

Authors: ZHU Yongli, WU Yanyou, LI Pingping
PP: 1847-1852
Abstract: Soil profile CO2 concentration was measured continuously by using infrared CO2 analyzer. According to the change of CO2 concentration with measurement time, a single rectangular model was used to simulate the process. And based on it, a soil profile standard CO2 efflux was put forward. The results showed that the soil CO2 concentration increased non-uniformly as fast followed by slow during the measurement time (t). Comparing with conventional linear model, the rectangular model had higher correlation coefficient values. Therefore it was confirmed that the rectangular model was more suitable for describing the relationship of CO2 concentration and the measurement time. The soil profile standard CO2 effluxes obtained by using rectangular model were higher than that obtained by linear model. And these standard values had higher correlation with soil temperatures. Consequently, soil profile standard CO2 effluxes had high reliability and could decrease the underestimate of that based on the linear model.
Keywords: agricultural engineering; standard CO2 efflux; rectangular regression model; soil profile

Title: Study on entropy balance equation and exergy characteristics of grain drying system

Authors: LI Geping, LI Changyou
PP: 1842-1846
Abstract: Grain drying is the process of mass remove or transfer caused by power, and exergy is the condition of promoting the drying process. To evaluate the energy structure features of grain drying system, physical model of grain deep-bed drying was given, based on in-depth analysis of the thermodynamics for grain drying system, the mass balance equation, energy balance equation were established. Based on the entropy production and entropy flux theories of the non-equilibrium thermodynamics, grain drying system entropy balance equation was established and the expression of entropy production rate density was deduced. Based on the exergy characteristics of grain drying system, the exergy balance equations were established, the exergy flux density expression of drying air and grain was deduced. On the basis of this, the transferring and conversion laws of exergy of drying air and grain were analysed and discussed in the condition of hot air drying and natural air drying.
Keywords: agricultural engineering; grain drying; exergy; exergy characteristics

Title: Study on seeds kinetic characteristic in vibration bed of vacuum seeder

Authors: ZHAO Zhan, LI Yaoming
PP: 1836-1841
Abstract: A Matlab program based on the discrete element method was developed to analyze the seeds kinetic characteristic in a vibration bed and a coefficient of volume expansion H was proposed to describe the seeds motion states. Simulation results show that the mean H increases with the increasing of vibration strength Kv and decreased with the seeds initial thickness. With the increasing of Kv, the fluctuation coefficient of H first increases quickly to the maximal value and then decreases slowly. Under the same Kv, the mean and the fluctuation coefficient of H both increase with the increasing of vibration amplitude of seeds bed. Experiments were carried out on the JPS-12 vacuum-vibration precision seeder and the best sowing precision of 95% was received with the seeds initial thickness of 8 mm, vacuum differential pressure of 2 kPa, cylinder rotational speed of 10 r/min and bed vibration frequency of 60 Hz.
Keywords: agricultural engineering; vacuum-vibration; precision seeder; seeds; kinetic characteristic; numerical analysis

Title: Development of agricultural material mechanical properties in the testing technology

Authors: GUO Yuming, LIANG Li, WU Yali
PP: 1827-1835
Abstract: This paper reviews the application and research progress of agricultural material mechanics’ testing technology. The paper introduces this point from the mechanical properties of five material aspects by experiment: the physical characteristics of agriculture, such as soil strength, soil hardness, thixotropy and rheology; the mechanical properties of plants, such as stems, leaves and roots of plants, and the rheological property of plant fluids; the mechanical properties of animals, such as skeleton, organ and fur skin of animals; the mechanical properties of the agricultural products processing objects in storage and processing, such as impingement characteristics, viscous, flow characteristics, rheological properties, hardness, toughness, and rubbing characteristics; the properties of granular material, such as grain, fruits, potatoes and gravel in engineering problems, which involved the filling characteristics, transport properties, friction characteristics, flow characteristics, cohesion and so on.
Keywords: agricultural material mechanics; testing technology; reviews; agricultural soil; plant mechanics property; granular mechanics property

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