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November 15,2014
Volume 7,Issue 21
Pages -
Subject Area:Aquatic Ecology,Fishery Biology,Climatology,Cartography,Geography,Coalgeology,Geology

Title: Monitoring for temporal and spatial distribution of blue-green algae based on ETM+image

Authors: ZHANG Xiaoyi, JING Yuanshu, JIAN Dan
PP: 2206-2213
Abstract: The monitoring of Cyanobacteria blooms has been on the focus of environment protection jobs. There often have inconvenience in the measurement and poor comprehensive converge problem during the daily monitoring. In this paper, based on eight sceneries of ETM+ remote sensing images of Chao lake in 2010, the modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) was used to abstract the accurate information of lake. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) model and the inversion model of lake water temperature were established for rapid monitoring and predictions of algae information in Chao lake. Finally, the annual characteristics blooms provided decision basis for the protection department of water by summarizing the change regularity of Chao blooms in 2010.
Keywords: aquatic ecology; Cyanobacteria blooms; modified normalized difference water index; normalized difference vegetation index; lake surface temperature inversion algorithm

Title: Cloning and expression analysis of immunoglobulin M (IgM) gene from humphead snapper Lutjanus sanguineus

Authors: ZHANG Xinzhong, WU Zaohe
PP: 2195-2205
Abstract: In the present study, full-length cDNA sequences of immunoglobulin (Ig) M (IgM) gene was cloned by rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique from humphead snapper (Lutjanus sanguineus). Full-length cDNA sequence of IgM is 2046 bp, encoding 595 amino acids. BLAST analysis revealed that the IgM amino acid sequences of humphead snapper shared high identity (80%) with that of others. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method, and the results suggested that IgM of humphead sanpper shared the closest genetic relationship with the IgM of Larimichthys crocea. The results of fluorescent real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) showed that the expression of IgM can be detected in head kidney, and increased continuously as time goes on in 6 h post ZJ0706 infection. In addition, IgM is subcloned into pET28a(+) with ZPTG induction to construct expression plasmids pET28a-IgM. Western blotting analysis indicated that the recombinant proteins were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Then the recombinant proteins were purified and the antiserum was obtained by immuning rabbits with the purified recombinant proteins emulsified with adjuvant. ELISA analysis showed that the titer of the antiserum prepared in this study was 1∶40 000. The results of the Western blotting revealed that specific antigen-antibody reaction was occurred between the antiserum and the recombinant proteins.
Keywords: aquatic biology; Lutjanus sanguineus; IgM; real-time PCR; prokaryotic expression

Title: Effects of copper on the cell immunity of Procambarus clarkii

Authors: PANG Shengxi, WEI Keqiang, ZHAO Ting, WANG Jing
PP: 2190-2194
Abstract: In order to study the effects of Cu2+ on cell immunity of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii, crayfish were exposed to different concentrations of Cu2+ at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg /L. The total number of blood cells (THC) and phagocytic activity were determined after exposure at 24, 48, 72, 96 h, respectively. The results showed that THC in each group was lower than that in the control group. The blood cell morphology did not change significantly. When crayfish were exposed to the concentrations at 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg/L Cu2+, the phagocytic percent and phagocytic index were lower than that in the control group (P≤0.05). The results suggested that Cu2+ had a significant negative effect on cell immunity in P.clarkii, which indicated that heavy metal pollution had potential threat to the health of crayfish.
Keywords: aquatic biology; environmental exposure; immune response; Procambarus clarkii; phagocytosis

Title: Assessment on numerical simulation of climate change in the Yangtze river basin based on the ECHAM5 and CCLM models

Authors: ZHANG Jie, JIANG Tong
PP: 2182-2189
Abstract: The simulative ability of European centre atmosphere model 5 (ECHAM5) and COSMO model in climate mode (CCLM) in the Yangtze river basin was assessed based on the simulated temperature and precipitation data for 1961 to 2000 and was further verified by the drought event ever happened in 1978. The results showed that both models can capture the spatial distribution pattern of annual averaged temperature in the Yangtze river basin, but CCLM model can reproduce the warming period in the 1980s. The spatial distribution of annual precipitation simulated by ECHAM5 model was obviously different from observed facts and there was an unrealistic rainfall center in the simulation result. While, temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation can be described by CCLM model comparatively well. Besides, CCLM model also captured the main drought period and 3 rainfall areas during the extreme weather event in 1978. In a summary, the CCLM climate model is more suitable for simulation of climate change in the Yangtze river basin.
Keywords: climatology; Yangtze river basin; simulation of climate change;ECHAM5 model; CCLM model

Title: Information loss in data format conversion between ArcGIS and MapGIS

Authors: ZHANG Jiao, JI Minhe
PP: 2176-2181
Abstract: This paper dicusses the issue from several perspectives, including data structure, data model and data format. Meanwhile, the ArcGIS standard data format, namely shapefile, and the MapGIS standard data format, including .wt, .wl and .wp, are compared and analyzed in this investigation. Two transformation methods, including direct conversion and conversion with the E00 intermediate format, are applied to Yunnan University main campus data to study the data conversion characteristics and information loss issues. The different ways of data representation and dataloss during the convertion process between the two software packages are given detailed discussion, the issues related to different types of spatial data and attribute data, including string, float, double, text, image and binary data format are taken as research key points.
Keywords: cartology; spatial data transformation; geographic information system; E00 intermediate transformation format; ArcGIS; MapGIS

Title: Urban thermal landscape pattern variation under rapid urbanization in Yinchuan city

Authors: WANG Penglong, LI Hengji, LU Jingliang
PP: 2165-2175
Abstract: Based on 3 Landsat ETM+/TM images of Yinchuan city from 1989 to 2011, this paper retrieved land surface temperature (LST) by Qin’s mono-window algorithm, and on above basis, landscape metrics were utilized here to analyze the evolution and spatial distribution of urban thermal landscape pattern of Yinchuan city under rapid urbanization in last 20 years. The results showed that: 1) With the development of urbanization, urban thermal landscape pattern of all built districts jointed as a whole. Because of rational urban planning, there existed low-grade thermal landscape patches, cool island and weak heat island, in the centre of main built district, which improved the ecological environment of built district. 2) At class level, the low-grade thermal patches (cool island) and high-grade thermal patches (strong heat island and the strongest heat island) had area reduction, and urban thermal landscape pattern had a tendency to change into moderate heat island and weak heat island. Change of patch density (PD) and edge density (ED) had a similar trend, which verified the change of the aggregation index (AI). All thermal patch types mainly tended to be more fragmented before 2000, more aggregated after 2000, and patches shape tended to be simplified. 3) At the landscape level, urban thermal landscape pattern saw a turning point in 2000, it became more aggregated and patches shape tended to be simplified after undergoing fragment in 2000. Each grade of urban thermal landscape became even-distributed. 4) In the aspect of thermal patches transition, under the influence of human intervention, cool island was the most stable urban thermal patches. The low-grade thermal patches were easy to transfer among themselves, but they were difficult to transfer to high-grade thermal patches. Moderate heat island was easy to transfer to the low-grade thermal patches or higher level thermal patches. The high-grade thermal patches were easy to transfer among themselves, but they were difficult to transfer to low-grade thermal patches.
Keywords: geography; ETM+/TM; mono-window algorithm; thermal patches variation

Title: Spatial interpolation of meteorological variables over Anhui province based on ANUSPLIN

Authors: LIU Chaoshun, SHU Shijie
PP: 2155-2164
Abstract: Spatial grid meteorological data with high precision are very important parameters for study on climate, hydrology, ecology and environment research fields. This paper attempts to use ANUSPLIN, a software based on thin-plate smoothing spline for spatial interpolation, to interpolate average temperature in 3 different time scales and precipitation in 2 different time scales with source data from 71 meteorological stations in Anhui province. Before interpolation, different ANUSPLIN models with the combination of three variants (longitude, latitude and elevation) were performed to ensure the best one corresponding with each source data in daily, monthly and annual scale. The interpolating results of the ANUSPLIN were compared with those interpolated data based on ordinary Kriging method. The results showed that the ANUSPLIN performs more accuracy and smoothness in all the time scales of temperature and precipitation than those generated by ordinary Kriging method. It indicates that the ANUSPLIN is more suitable for spatial interpolation of meteorological variables.
Keywords: geography; spatial interpolation; temperature; precipitation; ANUSPLIN; thin-plate smoothing spline

Title: Un-symmetry prestack time migration on rugged topography

Authors: LIU Guofeng
PP: 2148-2154
Abstract: In this paper, we introduce un-asymmetry prestack time migration, un-symmetry travel time to improve the focus effective of speed change violently area. Based on this, we introduce items in travel time calculation because of rugged topography, which can avoid false structure in the migration result. We test our method with model data and real data, the result proves the effective of our methods.
Keywords: solid geophysics; un-symmetry travel time; rugged topography; prestack time migration

Title: Microstructural and the influence mechanism analysis of diesel oil and pore structure characteristics in contaminated kaolinite

Authors: LIU Zhibin, FANG Wei, CAI Yi
PP: 2142-2147
Abstract: In order to learn the influence mechanism of diesel oil on the macro engineering property of oil-contaminated kaolinite and its pore structure characteristics, the manually made diesel oil-contaminated kaolinite specimens of different content of diesel oil are experimentally studied in laboratory. All the specimens are firstly cured for 90 d to ensure the oil equilibrium in soil, then they are observed with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and traditional scanning electron microscopy(SEM). In addition, the pore structure characteristics of the contaminated specimens are also analyzed through mercury intrusion porosimety (MIP). Test results indicate that ESEM can clearly reflect the detailed existence state of the diesel oil between clay particles. The influence mechanisms of diesel oil in kaolinite can be classified into three aspects. The first is physical chemical effect which changes the electrical double layer structure of kaolinite. The second is a kind of wrapping effect which means that the diesel oil adheres to and wraps the clay particles. The third is a kind of interlinkage effect which means that the network of diesel oil chains connect to each other and link the particles together. MIP indicates that the diameter of large pores will become greater, and their total volume will decrease as the oil content increases. On the other hand, the diameter of small pores will become smaller as the oil content increases. If the oil content is larger than a threshold value, the engineering property of diesel oil-contaminated kaolinite will transfer from water-controlled state towards oil-controlled state.
Keywords: rock and soil mechanics; contaminated soil; diesel oil; kaolinite; microstructure; mercury intrusion porosimetry

Title: Genetic mechanism and example analysis of a low resistivity hydrocarbon reservoir form from down-driving of gas cap

Authors: CHENG Daojie, GONG Shouhan, WANG Hui, FENG Jungui, LIU Lailei, TIAN Yang
PP: 2436-2441
Abstract: There is no notice in present research about problems in low resistivity hydrocarbon reservoir that forms from the exploitation changing of hydrocarbon pools, which leads to a movement of interface between oil and water. Based on research of multi-wells with routine logging data, this paper interprets the influence in wells at different tectonics position caused by a high energy gas cap in the reservoir reasonably, proposes a possibility that low resistivity reservoir will outputs hydrocarbon because of the oil-water interface movement caused by high energy gas cap, with mass works in comprehensive comparison of new and old wells, and analysis of old wells exploitation history and fluid properties. It summarizes the genetic mechanism, feature and key of interpretation and evaluation, and makes supplements of low resistivity hydrocarbon reservoit gensis types and idenification methods, effectively avoid the missing of hydrocavbon reservior in exploration and development.
Keywords: petroleum and natural gas geology; low resistivity hydrocarbon reservoir; genetic mechanism; gas cap; down-driving; feature

Title: Establishment of the numerical model of multiple coal bed methane impervious reservoir stratum

Authors: DU Xiao, HAO Shuqing
PP: 2130-2135
Abstract: Based on the research progress both at home and abroad for many years on the academic sector of multiple seam’s transfusion, and applied the theory and method of coal bed methane geology, seepage flow mechanics, petroleum geology, a mathematical model of multiple seam’s transfusion have been built. The mathematical model takes example by combined method in the exploit of oil and gas field, and the character of thermodynamics have been considered, so pressure field and stress field achieved strong coupling, and make the mathematical model have the character of non-linear. The conclusions have been made through discussion of the model. Because of impermeable barrier between the layers, the near horizon differ from that of reservoir pressure, in this case, if wants to undertake joint exploration, We must make mining plan according to different reservoir characteristics of the pressure difference. For more seam mining overburden of vertical displacement and horizontal direction, settling velocity and so on a single coal seam mining shadow is significantly increased, thus reservoir pressure with different spacing, different layers of the combined mining of coal bed methane influence law research has the vital significance. The established model can sum up the migration rule of coal bed methane in coal seams more system, which can provide convenience for mining coal bed methane seepage numerical simulation.
Keywords: coal geology; multiple coal bed methane reservoir; percolation; cross-flow; mathematical model

Title: Shale gas accumulation conditions and exploitation prospect of Lower Cambrian black shale in Dabashan area

Authors: RAN Bo, YE Yuehao, SUN Wei, WANG Shiyu
PP: 2122-2129
Abstract: Taking Dabashan area as the study object, through the research on the deposition, total organic carbon (TOC), Ro, burial depth and structure of Shuijingtuo formation, the results showed that: 1) the depositional environment was the deep water shelf-slope-the submarine basin; 2) sedimentary thickness was 200-300 m, thickness of black shale was 30-195 m, the thickness of the black shales with TOC>2% was 60-90 m and with TOC>1% was 120-180 m; 3) type of organic matter was type Ⅰ-Ⅱ1 type kerogen, the TOC was from 1.6% to 3.0% (averaging of 2%), Ro was from 1% to 4% (averaging of 3%); 4) the burial depth was 2 500-3 000 m. These various parameters showed that the Shuijingtuo formation was favorable for the enrichment and development of shale gas. However, due to strong tectonics of Dabasn structure and regional detachment of Lower Cambrian, it was not favorable for shale gas enriching.
Keywords: geology; shale gas; black shale; Lower Cambrian

Title: Kinematic characteristics of the Tarim paleoplate in the Ordovician: evidence from conodonts

Authors: JING Xiuchun, DENG Shenghui, WANG Xunlian
PP: 2113-2121
Abstract: The effect of global ocean current patterns on bio-provinces was analyzed, and working together of paleo-plate movement and paleo-current is considered as the driving mechanism of the conversion of conodont bio-province changes in the present paper. The drift of the Tarim paleo-plate from the southern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere has been indicated by paleomagnetic data, and the paleo-plate movement is subdivided into two stages by conodont material in this paper. The first stage, the Tarim paleo-plate was located in the south hemisphere before the Sadbian, and was affected by the southern hemisphere ocean currents. Tarim was belonging to north Atlantic province at that time. The second stage, the Tarim paleo-plate was located in the north hemisphere after the Sadbian, and was affected by the northern hemisphere ocean currents. Tarim was belonging to north America midcontinent province after the Sadbian age. The sudden conversion from north China type conodonts to south China type conodonts in the late Ordovician probably represents the crossing equator of the Tarim plate at that time.
Keywords: geology; Ordovician; plate movement; conodonts; Tarim basin

Title: Trace elements and isotopes characters in continental subduction zones: constraints from ultra high pressure rocks from the CCSD, Sulu, China

Authors: GUO Haihao, XIAO Yilin
PP: 2098-2112
Abstract: In order to better understand the role of fluids during subduction and subsequent exhumation, we have investigated whole-rock and mineral chemistry and Li, B as well as O, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes on selected continuous drill-core profiles through contrasting lithological boundaries from the Chinese continental scientific drilling (CCSD) program in Sulu, China. Four selected sample sets have been taken to investigate geochemical changes as a result of fluid mobilization during dehydration, peak metamorphism, and exhumation of subducted continental crust. Our data reveal that while O and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions remain unchanged, significant Li and B isotope fractionations occur between different lithologies that are in close contact during various metamorphic stages. On a sample set which is supposed to represent prograde dehydration, we observe that the element patterns of highly fluid-mobile elements in the veins are complementary to those of the host eclogite. A second sample set represents an example of ultra high-pressure (UHP) metamorphic crustal eclogite that is separated from a garnet peridotite by a thin transitional interface. Garnet-peridotite and eclogite are characterized by>10% difference in MgO, which, together with the presence of abundant hydroxyl-bearing minerals and compositionally different Cpx-II grains occurring as overgrowth parts at the rim of Cpx-I along the interface, demonstrate that both rocks must have originated from different magmas that have been tectonically juxtaposed during subduction and that hydrous fluids rich in silicate-component have been added from the subducting slab to the mantle. Two additional sample sets, comprising retrograde amphibolite and relatively fresh eclogite, demonstrate that besides external fluids, internal fluids can be responsible for the formation of amphibolite. Li and B concentrations and isotopic compositions point to losses and isotopic fractionation during progressive dehydration. On the other hand fluids with isotopically heavier Li and B are added during retrogression. On a small scale, mantle-derived rocks may be significantly metasomatized by fluids derived from the subducted slab. It is noteworthy that Li and B isotope fractionation may or may not behave coherently during slab subduction and subsequent exhumation.
Keywords: geology; elemental transfer; isotopic fractionation; subduction and exhumation; Sulu

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