Abstract:Although both heat engines and thermoelectric converters require cold reservoirs, the organization of heat energy into electrical energy can break this requirement. We show herein that thermionic emission from a solid emitter forms a dissipative structure. The solid emitter appears electropositive by losing electrons and the surroundings appear negative by gaining electrons, and the system self-organizes into an ordered electric double layer on the macro scale. To release into a circuit the energy stored in the electric field of the electric double layer, we do an experiment in which molten metal, which has no thermionic emission, serves as a collector and the solid emitter undergoes thermionic emission. When the solid emitter and the molten metal collector are maintained at the same temperature, the voltage and current output are stable. This demonstrates a new method based on self-organization to convert heat energy directly into electrical energy without requiring a cold reservoir. This thermionic energy converter should see use in diverse applications in the future.

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	1. Thermionic energy converter without cold reservoir based on self-organized thermal-electrical energy conversion
	Wang Zhengliang
	Physics 22 March 2017
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	Abstract:Although both heat engines and thermoelectric converters require cold reservoirs, the organization of heat energy into electrical energy can break this requirement. We show herein that thermionic emission from a solid emitter forms a dissipative structure. The solid emitter appears electropositive by losing electrons and the surroundings appear negative by gaining electrons, and the system self-organizes into an ordered electric double layer on the macro scale. To release into a circuit the energy stored in the electric field of the electric double layer, we do an experiment in which molten metal, which has no thermionic emission, serves as a collector and the solid emitter undergoes thermionic emission. When the solid emitter and the molten metal collector are maintained at the same temperature, the voltage and current output are stable. This demonstrates a new method based on self-organization to convert heat energy directly into electrical energy without requiring a cold reservoir. This thermionic energy converter should see use in diverse applications in the future.
	TO cite this article:Wang Zhengliang. Thermionic energy converter without cold reservoir based on self-organized thermal-electrical energy conversion[OL].[22 March 2017] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4722465


	2. Near-field analysis of transmission interference through unparallel nanoslits
	CHEN Zhuo,HE Kaiting
	Physics 24 November 2015
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	Abstract:We report an experimental near-field study of the optical transmission through a thin metal film perforated by two unparallel nanoslits. Using scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM), periodic transmission patterns on slits are directly observed. The wavelength, generation-conversion efficiency, and intrinsic phase factor of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at a fixed incident wavelength of 785 nm are inferred by fitting the experimental results with a simple analytical model, through which the role of propagating SPPs in the oscillatory transmission intensity is clearly evidenced. In addition, the visibility of interference pattern can be further improved by replacing one single slit with a slit array.
	TO cite this article:CHEN Zhuo,HE Kaiting. Near-field analysis of transmission interference through unparallel nanoslits[OL].[24 November 2015] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4664452

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	3. Numerical simulation of radiative heat transfer in cylindrical enclosure
	YAN Lei,YU Zhongyuan,LI Ming,LU Pengfei,LONG Junjie
	Physics 11 December 2013
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	Abstract:This paper shows how finite volume method (FVM) can be implemented to investigate radiative heat transfer in a cylindrical enclosure containing absorbing, emitting, scattering medium. With the use of directional weight and step scheme, the governing radiative transfer equation (RTE) is finally transformed into discretized equation, which is a spatial two-dimensional form. Application of the present method to axisymmetric benchmark problems indicates that the present method is accurate, computationally efficient and applicable for the analysis of radiative heat transfer.
	TO cite this article:YAN Lei,YU Zhongyuan,LI Ming, et al. Numerical simulation of radiative heat transfer in cylindrical enclosure[OL].[11 December 2013] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4574401


	4. Estimation of temperature jump at solid-liquid boundary of a nanoscale heat transfer system
	ZHOU Jianfeng,SHAO Chunlei,GU Boqin
	Physics 02 September 2010
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	Abstract:The temperature jump usually results in temperature discontinuity at wall boundary of nanoscale or microscale solid-fluid heat transfer system, which has been studied by using analytical, numerical or molecular dynamics simulation methods. Based on the Verlet algorithm and 3D Langevin equation, a nanoscale solid-liquid heat transfer model which is composed of platinum atoms as solid wall and argon molecules as ultra-thin liquid film was established and the temperature jump at wall boundary was estimated. The investigation revealed that the number density of argon molecules is relatively small at wall boundary but large in the middle of liquid domain. Although the number density of argon molecules near wall boundary is small, but there the temperature is obviously larger than the mean temperature of liquid phase. The results indicate that the velocity of argon molecule near wall boundary is larger than that in middle domain when the liquid temperature is rescaled during simulation process. With the increasing temperature of solid wall, the effective range of vibration of platinum atoms expands, and the ultra-thin liquid film will present very uneven temperature distribution along thickness direction. If the temperature of liquid phase is not rescaled and the liquid film thickness is relatively large, the temperature in most part of the simulation domain is almost constant and a little smaller than the wall temperature, but there exists a large temperature jump at wall boundary.
	TO cite this article:ZHOU Jianfeng,SHAO Chunlei,GU Boqin. Estimation of temperature jump at solid-liquid boundary of a nanoscale heat transfer system[OL].[ 2 September 2010] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4384185


	5. Thermoelastic properties of nickel from molecular dynamic simulations
	Lup Fen,Chen Xiangrong,Cai Lingcang,Wu Qiang
	Physics 05 May 2010
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	Abstract:The structures and elastic constants of fcc structure nickel at high temperature have been calculated by using molecular dynamic simulations with the direct method and the quantum Sutton-Chen (Q-SC) potential. The obtained lattice constants, linear thermal expansion coefficients, thermoelastic constants are in excellent agreement with the available experimental data. The calculated results for the radial distribution function showed that the short-range atomic order of low-T is similar to the high-T solid. The thermoelastic constants, bulk modulus and shear modulus as a function of the applied temperature are presented. An analysis for the calculated parameters has been made to reveal mechanical stability of nickel up to 1300 K.
	TO cite this article:Lup Fen,Chen Xiangrong,Cai Lingcang, et al. Thermoelastic properties of nickel from molecular dynamic simulations[J].


	6. Positive fractional derivative equation modeling of non-Fourier heat conduction
	SUN Yifei
	Physics 20 October 2009
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	Abstract:This letter makes the first attempt to develop differential equation model of non-Fourier heat conductions by using positive time-fractional derivative. Numerical comparison with the corresponding fractional derivative model shows that when the fractional derivative order 冄僴僴approaches to 2 the two models behave somewhat differently, in contrast, when 冄僴 approaches to zero their behaviors observe very similar. It is worth to point out that our new model decays more slowly than the conventional fractional derivative one. Thus, the positive fractional derivative model can better reflect non-Fourier heat conduction process characterizing strong memory and slow diffusion.
	TO cite this article:SUN Yifei. Positive fractional derivative equation modeling of non-Fourier heat conduction[OL].[20 October 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/35929


	7. Numerical Calculations of Phase Change about Ice and Water Using Moving Heat Source Method（MHSM）
	Zhang Min,Xu Bin,John C. Chai ,Zhang Junbo
	Physics 25 March 2008
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	Abstract:The problem of phase change about ice and water was solved in the structured meshes by using moving heat source method, which is a representative of many industrial processes. The temperature field was also studied by discrete source term. The single and bilateral region problems were given to demonstrate the correctness of this method; the results are agreement when the numerical solution was compared with the exact solution. These demonstrate feasibility of the numerical calculation fully, as well as its application in industry to provide useful information.
	TO cite this article:Zhang Min,Xu Bin,John C. Chai , et al. Numerical Calculations of Phase Change about Ice and Water Using Moving Heat Source Method（MHSM）[OL].[25 March 2008] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/19709


	8. Local bond average for the temperature dependence of elastic modulus
	Li Jia,Li Yangxian,Yu Xiao,Ye Wenjiang,Sun Changqing
	Physics 24 September 2007
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	Abstract:An analytical solution has been developed from the perspective of local bond average to correlating the elastic modulus of a specimen to the length and strength of the representative bonds and their response to temperature change. It is showed that the elastic weakening arises from the bond length expansion and the bond strength weakening by raising the inner energy. Reproduction of the measured temperature dependence of the elastic modulus of solid Ag, Au, MgO, Mg2SO4, Al2O3, and KCl specimens has led to information about the mean atomic cohesive energy of the specimens, which goes beyond the scope of available approaches.
	TO cite this article:Li Jia,Li Yangxian,Yu Xiao, et al. Local bond average for the temperature dependence of elastic modulus[OL].[24 September 2007] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/15300


	9. A rule for the thermally-induced bond expansion
	Sun Changqing
	Physics 11 May 2007
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	Abstract:It has long been puzzling regarding the mechanism behind the nonlinearity of lattice thermal expansion with respect to temperatures despite various modeling considerations. An analytical solution is presented as a general rule herewith showing that the thermal expansion coefficient follows closely the specific heat of Debye approximation. Matching predictions to experimental observations evidences that the current premise may represent the true situation though the exact phonon density of states need to be considered for further refinement to fit individual situations.
	TO cite this article:Sun Changqing. A rule for the thermally-induced bond expansion[OL].[11 May 2007] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/12766


	10. Thermally-driven Raman optic phonon softening in group III-nitrides
	Sun Changqing
	Physics 20 October 2006
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	Abstract:An extension of the recent approach for the size-induced Raman shift of nanostructures [Sun et al., Phys Rev B 72, 134301 (2005)] to the temperature domain has led to an analytical solution to the thermally driven softening of Raman optic phonons. It turns out that the thermally driven Raman redshift arises from the thermal expansion and bond weakening upon the specimen being heated. Analytical solution has allowed us to reproduce exceedingly well the measured data for AlN, GaN, and InN specimens with derivatives of information regarding cohesive energy for various modes.
	TO cite this article:Sun Changqing. Thermally-driven Raman optic phonon softening in group III-nitrides[OL].[20 October 2006] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/8845

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