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1. mTOR and autophagy in normal brain aging and caloric restriction ameliorating age-related cognition deficits | |||
Fengying Yang,Xiaolei Chu,Miaomiao Yin,Xiaolei Liu,Hairui Yuan,Yanmei Niu,Li Fu | |||
Clinical Medicine 10 May 2016 | |||
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Abstract:Defect of autophagy is common to many neurodegenerative disorders because it serves as a major degradation pathway for the clearance of various aggregate-prone proteins. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which is recognized as the most important negative regulator of autophagy, is also involved in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of mTOR and its dependent autophagy in normal brain during aging remains unknown. Furthermore, caloric restriction (CR) is frequently used as a tool to study mechanisms behind aging and age-associated diseases because CR can prevent age-related diseases and prolong lifespan in several model organisms. Inhibiting mTOR and promoting autophagy activity play roles in aging delayed by CR. However, whether CR can ameliorate age-related cognition deficits by inhibiting mTOR and activate autophagy in hippocampus needs to be further investigated. Here we showed a decline of autophagic degradation in mice hippocampus in correlation with age-dependent cognitive dysfunction, whereas the activity of mTOR and its upstream brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling was decreased with aging. In addition, facilitating the mTOR pathway successfully declines and sustains autophagic degradation with aging in hippocampus by CR treatment and is involved in CR by ameliorating age-related cognitive deficits. | |||
TO cite this article:Fengying Yang,Xiaolei Chu,Miaomiao Yin, et al. mTOR and autophagy in normal brain aging and caloric restriction ameliorating age-related cognition deficits[J]. |
2. Characterization of Calcium and Zinc Spatial Distributions at the Fibrocartilage of Bone-tendon Junction by SR-μXRF combined with BEI | |||
Lu Hongbin,Chen Can,Wang Zhanwen,Xu Daqi,Zhou Jingyong,Zheng Cheng,Hu Jianzhong | |||
Clinical Medicine 19 November 2014 | |||
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Abstract:Tendon attaches to bone through a functionally graded fibrocartilage zone, including uncalcified fibrocartilage, tidemark and calcified fibrocartilage; those zones play a pivotal role in relaxing load transfer between otherwise structurally and functionally distinct tissue types. Calcium and zinc are believed to play important roles in the normal growth, mineralization and repair of the fibrocartilage of bone-tendon junction (BTJ), yet the calcium and zinc spatial distributions at the fibrocartilage of the BTJ and their distribution-function relationship are not totally understood. Thus, synchrotron radiation-based micro X-ray fluorescence analysis (SR-μXRF) in combination with backscattered electron imaging (BEI) was employed to characterize the distributions of calcium and zinc at the fibrocartilage of patella-patellar tendon complex (PPTC). For the first time, the unique distributions of calcium and zinc at the fibrocartilage of the PPTC were clearly mapped by this method. We found that the distributions of calcium and zinc at the fibrocartilage of the PPTC were inhomogeneous. A significant accumulation of zinc was exhibited in the tidemark (TM) fibrocartilage zone. The Zn content in the TM was 3.17 times higher than that of the patellar tendon. The calcium content began to increase near the TM and increased exponentially across the calcified fibrocartilage region toward the patella. The highest calcium content (43.14 times of that of patellar tendon) was in the transitional zone of calcified fibrocartilage and the patella, approximately 69 μm from the location with the highest zinc content. This study indicated that the calcium and zinc spatial distributions were completely different and that SR-μXRF with BEI could accurately determine the characteristics of the calcium and zinc distributions at the fibrocartilage zone of the PPTC. The characterizations of the calcium and zinc spatial distributions elucidated in this study provide critical insights into the distribution-function relationships for calcium and zinc at the fibrocartilage zone and the regeneration/repair of this complex tissue system. | |||
TO cite this article:Lu Hongbin,Chen Can,Wang Zhanwen, et al. Characterization of Calcium and Zinc Spatial Distributions at the Fibrocartilage of Bone-tendon Junction by SR-μXRF combined with BEI[OL].[19 November 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4618019 |
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