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	1. Observational relativity: bringing to light the essence of relativistic effects
	RUAN Xiaogang
	Physics 24 April 2018
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	Abstract:This paper theoretically deduces the invariance of information-wave speed (IIWS) and the general Lorentz transformation (GLT) from the most basic physical properties, then establishes the theory of observational relativity (OR), and unifies Einstein\'s special relativity (SR) and de Broglie\'s matter-wave theory. More than 100 years ago, Einstein proposed the hypothesis of invariance of light speed (ILS) according to the Michelson-Morley experiment; then theoretically deduced the Lorentz transformation from ILS, established his SR, and brought to light the relativistic effects of matter motion. Up till today, however, people still don\'t know why the speed of light is invariant or cannot be exceeded, and why the photon has no rest mass. In fact, the Michelson-Morley experiment does not mean ILS, but does demonstrate an extremely important phenomenon in physical observation: the speed of information wave (IW) is observationally invariant. OR brings to light the cause of ILS formation, and elucidates the origin and essence of relativistic effects: all the relativistic effects are observational effects. OR suggests that, only if light works as IW, can ILS be valid as a special case of IIWS, and can Einstein\'s SR hold true as a partial theory of OR. OR strictly follows Bohr\'s correspondence principle：GLT reduces to Lorentz transfromation when the IW speed is the speed of light; GLT reduces to Galilean transformation if the IW speed is infinite.
	TO cite this article:RUAN Xiaogang. Observational relativity: bringing to light the essence of relativistic effects[OL].[24 April 2018] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4744495


	2. The gravitational theory with special and general relativity expansions and its graviton solutions
	Chen Guang
	Physics 22 February 2016
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	Abstract:We believe that, the latest LIGO gravitational wave detection results is undoubtedly a major achievement of general relativity experimental studies and an important event in the history of human science development. But the direct discovery of gravitational waves does not mean that general relativity is already a complete theory of gravity. On the contrary, it demonstrates the inadequacy of Einstein gravitational theory. Because gravitational waves, as the rigorous solutions of the linear gravitational field equations, do not satisfy the nonlinear Einstein equations. Thus, gravitational waves can not be space-time waves, but only probability waves of the gravitons. In order to solve a series of problems including gravitational waves, based on the quantized mathematics and new equivalence principle，we improve Einstein gravitational theory to include curved space-time geometry and linear gravity, thus forming a gravitational theory with special and general relativity expansions. Thereafter, the graviton solutions of this theory are obtained, and the wave-particle duality of the gravitons in curved space-time background are explained. In particular, we illustrate the internal structure and the external behavior of the gravitons, define extended graviton and non-extended graviton, as well as positive momentum graviton and negative momentum graviton; deduce the quantization and uncertainty of background space-time geometry, and explain the quantization of space-time and energy. Correspondingly, we introduce classical gravitational strings and define quantum graviton states，reveal the probability nature of gravitational strings and describe the change of graviton states with respect to graviton energy and background space-time geometry; describe the interaction of gravitons with matter. This paper also predicts the possible developments of our gravitational theory and explains the significant impacts of our graviton solutions on the existing physical theories. Finally, we point out that, as the average approximation of gravitational strings, gravitational waves can transmit energy and information，but do not warp the space-time they pass through. As for the LIGO discovery, the interference effects are only the results of the laser transmission path length modulations caused by the gravitons with positive and negative momentums, which act on the mirrors in the detectors and make them displacements. This no doubt will change our gravitational wave observation methods and data analysis.
	TO cite this article:Chen Guang. The gravitational theory with special and general relativity expansions and its graviton solutions[OL].[22 February 2016] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4675982


	3. A derivation of inertial mass equal to gravitational mass and the origin of inertia
	Dai Youping ,Dai Xinping
	Physics 21 January 2012
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	Abstract:In this paper，an affect of the gravitational potential generated by all matter in the universe is discussed. Studies shown that there is a certain derivation of inertial mass equal to gravitational mass, and can get the origin of inertia. We find that Lorenz transformation, mass-energy formula and Newtonian mechanics are all affected by the gravitational potential of all matter in the universe, and the square velocity of light is qeual to this gravitational potential too. Finally, the meaning of parameter c in Einstein equations is discussed.
	TO cite this article:Dai Youping ,Dai Xinping . A derivation of inertial mass equal to gravitational mass and the origin of inertia[OL].[21 January 2012] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4463555

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