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	1. Two new species of the subgenus Steganina (Diptera, Drosophilidae, Stegana) from China
	Chen Xi-peng,Chen Hong-wei
	Biology 06 August 2009
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	Abstract:Two new species of the subgenus Stegana (Steganina) were found from Hainan and Yunnan provinces, China: S. (S.) polytrichina and S. (S.) sinclavata spp. nov.; however, they can’t to be placed under four established species groups with 16 known species from the Oriental region. The two new species can be easily distinguished from these known species by the shaped of aedeagus, the cercus and surstylus with dense pubescence.
	TO cite this article:Chen Xi-peng,Chen Hong-wei. Two new species of the subgenus Steganina (Diptera, Drosophilidae, Stegana) from China[OL].[ 6 August 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/34314


	2. Optimal conditions for producing microalgal oil with high oleic acid content from Chlorella vulgaris LB 112
	Zhang Wei,Wu Hong,Zong Minhua
	Biology 07 July 2009
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	Abstract:Five different microalgae, including Chlorella vulgaris 24, Chlorella vulgaris LB112, Chlorella pyrenoidosa 27, Chlorella pyrenoidosa LB137, Chlorella pyrenoidosa LB308, were investigated for the purpose of screening out a strain producing lipid with high oleic acid content and Chlorella vulgaris LB112 was found to be able to accumulate lipid of high oleic acid content and unsaturated fatty acid content. Effects of culture conditions and culture medium components on the cell growth, lipid accumulation as well as lipid composition of Chlorella vulgaris LB112 were further investigated. The optimal carbon source, nitrogen source and C/N molar ratio were glucose, glycine, and 357, respectively. The supplement of small amount of divalent metal ions including Mg2+ and Fe2+ was beneficial to cell growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella vulgaris LB112. The favorable temperature, initial pH of medium, light intensity and shaking rate were 25 °C, 6.0, 1000 lux and 130 r min-1, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, a biomass of 4.67 g l-1 and a lipid content of 47.58%, which are much higher than the original values (2.20 g l-1 and 34.55%) before optimization, could be obtained after culture for 7 days. The microalgal oil mainly contains 7.44% palmitic acid, 2.78% palmitoleic acid, 6.58% stearic acid, 68.10% oleic acid, 10.07% octadecadienoic acid, 4.02% octadecatrienoic acid and the total unsaturated fatty acids content reaches around 85%.
	TO cite this article:Zhang Wei,Wu Hong,Zong Minhua. Optimal conditions for producing microalgal oil with high oleic acid content from Chlorella vulgaris LB 112[OL].[ 7 July 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/33683

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	3. The conservative gene regulatory network in HK97 and λ phages
	Ai Duiyuan,Qi Yanjiao
	Biology 08 June 2009
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	Abstract:Some conservative gene regulatory elements are found in Enterobacteria phage HK97 through sequences alignment, which are very similar to λ phage. Meanwhile, the regulated genes such as c1-gene, cro-gene, Q-gene, also show homology with λ phage. All of these results suggest hk97’s gene regulatory network is as same as λ phage. It implies this regulatory network is crucial and universal to lambda group.
	TO cite this article:Ai Duiyuan,Qi Yanjiao. The conservative gene regulatory network in HK97 and λ phages[OL].[ 8 June 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/32942


	4. Bridging the mathematics-botany gaps in phyllotaxis studies — Mechanism of higher symmetry order phyllotaxis
	Yang Weisheng,Zhao Ruguang
	Biology 31 May 2009
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	Abstract:For centuries, mathematicians, physicists, crystallographers, and others, together with botanists have been dedicating their own efforts to phyllotaxis, however, obviously because until recently they have had surprisingly little interaction, a major question is still how higher symmetry order patterns are generated at all. Accordingly, in the present article we make our effort mainly for bridging the mathematics-botany gaps existing in recent phyllotaxis studies. By doing so and on the basis of the latest progresses achieved from both the botany and mathematics sides of phyllotaxis, we point out that higher symmetry order phyllotaxis patterns can and could only come from lower order patterns generated by small shoot apical meristems (SAM) through anisotropic growth, which may change the diameter-to-height ratio of phyllotactic objects. In another words, higher symmetry order phyllotaxis patterns, such as floral phyllotaxis patterns of sunflower, could not generated directly by large SAMs.
	TO cite this article:Yang Weisheng,Zhao Ruguang. Bridging the mathematics-botany gaps in phyllotaxis studies — Mechanism of higher symmetry order phyllotaxis[OL].[31 May 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/32686


	5. Comparison of biochemical characterizations of AChE in the larvae of three populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst): Implications of insecticide resistance
	Wei Dandan,Liu Guoying,Jiang Hongbo,Dou Wei,Wang Jinjun
	Biology 10 March 2009
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	Abstract:The toxicological and biochemical characteristics of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in two field and one laboratory populations of Tribolium castaneum larvae were investigated. The two field populations HSTC-R (higher level resistance) and HYTC-R (lower level resistance) were both resistant to phosphine as well as organophosphorus insecticides such as dichlorvos and malathion. Compared with the laboratory population (ABTC-S), the activities per insect and specific activities of AChE in HSTC-R and HYTC-R were significantly lower. The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant value (Km) for acetylthiocholine iodide (ATChI) was obviously lower in ABTC-S than that in HSTC-R, indicating a higher affinity to the substrate ATChI in the laboratory population. The affinity for the substrate ATChI in HYTC-R and ABTC-S were not significantly different. The Vmax value of the HSTC-R was significantly greater compared to the Vmax for the ABTC-S suggesting a possible over expression of AChE in this field population. The inhibition study of AChE to insecticide exposure in vitro revealed that all the inhibitors possessed excellent effect. For the efficiencies of the tested inhibitors, the rank order from the most sensitive to the least was eserine, followed by malaoxon, paraoxon-ethyl, carbaryl, and demeton-S-methyl. Based on the I50s, AChE of the ABTC-S were more sensitive to all the inhibitors than those of HSTC-R. The statistical analysis of the bimolecular rate constants (ki) was consistent with the above situation. It is concluded that the insensitive AChEs were probably involved in the resistance of T. castaneum against insecticides observed in the field populations.
	TO cite this article:Wei Dandan,Liu Guoying,Jiang Hongbo, et al. Comparison of biochemical characterizations of AChE in the larvae of three populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst): Implications of insecticide resistance[OL].[10 March 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/30071


	6. Expression and purification of NSH2 domain protein for NMR research
	Niu Gao,Guo Jiangfeng,Zhang Yaozhou
	Biology 06 March 2009
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	Abstract:SHP-2 protein, which has two SH2 domains, is essential for the embryonic development, haematopoiesis and signaling downstream of a variety of growth factors. SHP-2 proteins are related to many diseases. To facilitate fundamental studies, it is important that the proteins can be expressed in high quality and in a large quantity. In this work, the amino-terminal SH2 (NSH2) domain of SHP-2 protein which is important for the protein’s self-regulation was recombinated into the prokaryotic expression vector, pGEX-2T, and introduced into E. coli BL21 for a prokaryotic expression. Two recombinant vectors with different extra amino acid residues were designed on the basis of properties of NSH2 protein and the sequence of expression vector, pGEX-2T, to produce NSH2 protein with a high property. The effects of the two groups of different extra amino acid residues on solubility and stability were compared. The comparisons indicated that end extra amino acid residues may have strong effects on both solubility and stability. The higher soluble and stable NSH2 protein was selected and labeled with isotope 15N for NMR study. The high resolution of NMR demonstrated the correction folding of the protein and the interactions of the protein with phosphop-tyrosin peptides.
	TO cite this article:Niu Gao,Guo Jiangfeng,Zhang Yaozhou. Expression and purification of NSH2 domain protein for NMR research[OL].[ 6 March 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/30007


	7. Changes in expression level of neutral trehalase suggest a role for thermotolerance in Metarhizium anisopliae
	Yajun Leng,Yueqing Cao,Guoxiong Peng,Yuxian Xia
	Biology 04 March 2009
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	Abstract:Neutral trehalase (Ntl) is a trehalose hydrolyzing enzyme found in many organisms, including the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. To determine ntl’s role in thermotolerance and virulence of fungal conidiospores, we constructed an ntl RNA interference (RNAi) vector with dual promoter system and an over-expression vector, which could randomly integrate into the fungal genomic DNA. Compared to the wild-type, ntl mRNA reduced to 35-66% in RNAi mutants, while increased to 2-3 folds in the over-expression mutants. In RNAi conidiospores accumulated more trehalose, had less trehalase activity, and were much more tolerable to heat stress than the wild-type. Opposite effects were found in conidiospores of over-expression mutants compared to RNAi mutants. Pathogenicity was not altered with the changes in ntl mRNA and activity compared to the wild-type. These results indicated that ntl controlled trehalose concentration in M. anisopliae by degrading trehalose, which indirectly increased conidiospore thermotolerance. These results offered a new strategy to increased conidiospore thermotolerance of entomopathogenic fungus without affecting its virulence. Additionally, the dual promoter system developed for RNAi was proved as an efficient tool for functional analysis of entomopathogenic fungal genes.
	TO cite this article:Yajun Leng,Yueqing Cao,Guoxiong Peng, et al. Changes in expression level of neutral trehalase suggest a role for thermotolerance in Metarhizium anisopliae [OL].[ 4 March 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/29888


	8. The fragment containing CP gene of Cucumber mosaic virus determines the severe leaf distortion phenotype expression on N. tabacum
	Xu Gang,Wu Peng,Liao Qian-sheng,Chen Ji-shuang
	Biology 04 March 2009
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	Abstract:The Cb7 isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) induces severe leaf distortion on Nicotiana tabacum in contrast to CMV-Fny that causes systemic mosaic in this host. It was found that N. tabacum plants infected with the reassortant, a combination of transcripts derived from cDNAs of CMV-Fny RNA1 and 2 (F1 and F2) and of CMV-Cb7 RNA3 (F12C3), displayed severe leaf distortion symptoms characteristic of the wild-type Cb7 infection, indicating that genomic RNA3 had a distinctive role in the determination of the symptom. An exchange of the fragment containing CP gene between Cb7 and Fny constructed two chimeric RNA3s: CFB, including CP gene of Fny, and FCB, including CP gene of Cb7. Each chimera mixed with F1 and F2 was inoculated onto N. tabacum. The F12CFB-infected plants expressed systemic mosaic symptoms, while the F12FCB-infected ones showed severe leaf distortion symptoms. The results suggested that the genetic determinant of the severe leaf distortion symptom showing on N. tabacum was exclusively associated with the fragment containing CP gene in the Cb7 genome. Accumulation of CMV RNAs in the systemic leaves of N. tabacum plants infected with the reassortant was determined using Northern blotting. The results showed that the accumulation of subgenomic RNA4 of F12FCB was significantly higher than that of F12CFB and Fny, as a control, and the amounts of RNA4 of F12CFB were equivalent to those of Fny. Therefore, it had been inferred that the high amounts of viral subgenomic RNA4, presenting high accumulation of CP, might be responsible for the severe leaf distortion symptom expression on N. tabacum.
	TO cite this article:Xu Gang,Wu Peng,Liao Qian-sheng, et al. The fragment containing CP gene of Cucumber mosaic virus determines the severe leaf distortion phenotype expression on N. tabacum[OL].[ 4 March 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/29878


	9. Cucumber mosaic virus-mediated Regulation of Disease Development Caused by Tomato mosaic virus in Tomato Hosts
	Hong Guo,Shaoning Chen,Rong Zeng,Zhiyou Du,Zhenxiao Zhang,Weimin Zhu,Jishuang Chen
	Biology 02 March 2009
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	Abstract:Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) are two principal viruses infecting tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). N5 is a necrosis strain of ToMV. In this work, interference between these two virues was analyzed in tomato cv. Hezuo 903. Plants were first inoculated with CMV-Fny or CMV-Fny∆2b, respectively. 7 days postinoculation (dpi), a second challenge inoculation was performed with ToMV-N5. The results showed that plants can be protected against challenge with ToMV-N5 by initial CMV-Fny infection, but not by CMV-Fny2b. The accumulation of these three viruses in single and double infections was detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) assays. The real-time RT-PCR values indicated that ToMV-N5 accumulation was significantly suppressed by double infection with CMV-Fny in the second true leaves. The interaction between PVX and ToMV was further studied. The host reaction of PVX-BJ and ToMV-N5 double infections was almost the same as in ToMV-N5 singly infections. Based on above results, we speculate that the 2b protein may be an important determinant involved in CMV-mediated regulation of disease development caused by ToMV-N5 in tomato cv. Hezuo 903.
	TO cite this article:Hong Guo,Shaoning Chen,Rong Zeng, et al. Cucumber mosaic virus-mediated Regulation of Disease Development Caused by Tomato mosaic virus in Tomato Hosts[OL].[ 2 March 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/29796


	10. Evolutionary characterization of two Cucumber mosaic virus isolates infecting Pinellia ternata of Araceae family
	HaiYan Wang,HuaRong Zhang,ZhiYou Du,Rong Zeng,JiShuang Chen
	Biology 26 February 2009
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	Abstract:Two Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolates，PHz-CMV and PGs-CMV, were obtained from naturally infected Pinellia ternata as a Chinese medicinal plant belonging to Araceae family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the pinellia isolates formed an independent clade with high support within subgroup I. Pairwise comparison analysis showed that they had high divergence from subgroup strains of IA and IB, Remarkable Difference revealed their relationships with subgroup IA and IB. Along with their RNA3 5′UTRs analysis, it is demonstrated that they may have independent evolution. It is believed that host and geographical environment had impact on evolutional types of this virus. A novel CMV subgroup is suggested based on the discussion.
	TO cite this article:HaiYan Wang,HuaRong Zhang,ZhiYou Du, et al. Evolutionary characterization of two Cucumber mosaic virus isolates infecting Pinellia ternata of Araceae family[OL].[26 February 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/29724

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