Abstract:Several studies have implicated the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) in regulation of feeding behavior and body weight, but clear mechanisms by which it controls food intake are not well understood. Here we report that DMN received important peripheral short-term and long-term feeding-related afferent signals, including the gastric vagal inputs, glycemia, cholecystokinin (CCK) as well as leptin, an adipostatic signal forcefully inhibiting food intake and increasing metabolic rate. Among the 279 DMN neurons recorded, 173 (62.0%) responded to the stimulation of gastric vagal nerves. Also, of the 123 DMN neurons responsive to the gastric vagal stimulation that tested for intravenous glucose administration, 75 (61.0%) were identified to be glycemia-sensitive. Moreover, it is noteworthy that within the 23 DMN neurons responding to both of the gastric vagal and intravenous glucose stimulations, most cells (19/23, 82.6%) were sensitive to circulating leptin and some neurons (n = 7) were also responsive to systemic CCK, suggesting gastric vagal, glycemic, CCK and leptin inputs converge onto single DMN neurons. Furthermore, synergistic interactions between leptin and glucose on single DMN neurons were observed (n = 6). These results demonstrate that those important peripheral feeding-related gastric vagal, glycemic, CCK and leptin signals not only reach the DMN but also interact on single DMN neurons, suggesting that the DMN may not just function as a relay station, but independently integrate the short-term and long-term feeding-associated information and actively participate in the direct regulation of feeding behavior.

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	1. Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus neurons integrate important peripheral feeding-related signals in rats
	Jing-Ning Zhu,Guo Chunli,Li Hongzhao,Jian-Jun WANG
	Biology 09 January 2009
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	Abstract:Several studies have implicated the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) in regulation of feeding behavior and body weight, but clear mechanisms by which it controls food intake are not well understood. Here we report that DMN received important peripheral short-term and long-term feeding-related afferent signals, including the gastric vagal inputs, glycemia, cholecystokinin (CCK) as well as leptin, an adipostatic signal forcefully inhibiting food intake and increasing metabolic rate. Among the 279 DMN neurons recorded, 173 (62.0%) responded to the stimulation of gastric vagal nerves. Also, of the 123 DMN neurons responsive to the gastric vagal stimulation that tested for intravenous glucose administration, 75 (61.0%) were identified to be glycemia-sensitive. Moreover, it is noteworthy that within the 23 DMN neurons responding to both of the gastric vagal and intravenous glucose stimulations, most cells (19/23, 82.6%) were sensitive to circulating leptin and some neurons (n = 7) were also responsive to systemic CCK, suggesting gastric vagal, glycemic, CCK and leptin inputs converge onto single DMN neurons. Furthermore, synergistic interactions between leptin and glucose on single DMN neurons were observed (n = 6). These results demonstrate that those important peripheral feeding-related gastric vagal, glycemic, CCK and leptin signals not only reach the DMN but also interact on single DMN neurons, suggesting that the DMN may not just function as a relay station, but independently integrate the short-term and long-term feeding-associated information and actively participate in the direct regulation of feeding behavior.
	TO cite this article:Jing-Ning Zhu,Guo Chunli,Li Hongzhao, et al. Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus neurons integrate important peripheral feeding-related signals in rats[OL].[ 9 January 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/27575


	2. Cerebellar fastigial nuclear inputs and peripheral feeding signals converge on neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
	Bin Li,Guo Chunli,Tang Jing,Zhu Jingning,Jian-Jun Wang
	Biology 09 January 2009
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	Abstract:Previous studies have indicated that neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) receive feeding-related signals from the gastric vagal nerves, glycemia as well as leptin. On the other hand, it is intriguing that the cerebellum participates in regulating nonsomatic visceral activities including food intake via the direct cerebellohypothalamic projections. The present study was designed to examine, by using extracellular recordings in vivo in rats, whether the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) could reach and converge with the feeding-associated gastric vagal, glycemia, and leptin signals onto single DMN neurons. Of the 200 DMN neurons recorded, 104 (52%) responded to the cerebellar FN stimulation, in which 95 (91.3%) were also responsive to the gastric vagal stimulation, suggesting a convergence of cerebellar FN and gastric vagal inputs on the DMN neurons. Moreover, a summation of responses was observed (n = 10) when the cerebellar FN and gastric vagal nerve were simultaneously stimulated. Among the 18 DMN neurons receiving convergent inputs from the cerebellar FN and gastric vagal nerves, 16 (88.9%) cells also responded to the systemic administrations of glucose and leptin. These results demonstrated that the cerebellar FN afferent inputs, together with the feeding signals from the gastric vagal nerves, blood glucose as well as leptin, converge onto single DMN neurons, suggesting that a somatic-visceral integration related to the feeding may occur in the DMN and the cerebellum may actively participate in the feeding regulation through the cerebellar FN-DMN projections.
	TO cite this article:Bin Li,Guo Chunli,Tang Jing, et al. Cerebellar fastigial nuclear inputs and peripheral feeding signals converge on neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus[OL].[ 9 January 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/27571

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	3. Histamine excites rat lateral vestibular nuclear neurons through activation of post-synaptic H2 receptors
	Jun ZHANG,Han Xiaohu,Li Hongzhao,Zhu Jingning,Jian-Jun Wang
	Biology 09 January 2009
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	Abstract:Through whole-cell patch recordings in brainstem slices, the effects of histamine on neuronal activity of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) were investigated. Bath application of histamine elicited a concentration-dependent excitation of both spontaneous firing (n = 19) and silent (n = 7) LVN neurons. Moreover, histamine induced a stable inward current in the LVN neurons (n = 5) and the histamine-induced depolarization of membrane potential persisted in the presence of tetrodotoxin (n = 4), indicating a direct postsynaptic effect of the histamine on the LVN neurons. Selective histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine effectively blocked the histamine-evoked excitatory responses on the LVN neurons (n = 4), but selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist triprolidine did not (n = 4). In addition, selective histamine H2 receptor agonist dimaprit (n = 3) rather than 2-pyridylethylamine (n = 4), a selective histamine H1 receptor agonist, mimicked the excitatory action of histamine on LVN neurons. The results demonstrate that histamine excites the LVN neurons via postsynaptic histamine H2 receptors and suggest that the central histaminergic projection arising from the hypothalamus may modulate LVN neurons activity and actively influence the vestibular reflexes and functions.
	TO cite this article:Jun ZHANG,Han Xiaohu,Li Hongzhao, et al. Histamine excites rat lateral vestibular nuclear neurons through activation of post-synaptic H2 receptors[OL].[ 9 January 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/27566


	4. Cerebellar modulation on feeding-related neurons in rat dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus
	Jing-Ning Zhu,Li Hongzhao,Ding Yi,Jian-Jun WANG
	Biology 08 January 2009
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	Abstract:Cerebellum has newly been implicated in much more nonsomatic functions other than motor control. Previous studies indicate that the cerebellum is involved in feeding regulation and the gastric vagal nerves transmit short-term meal-related visceral signals including cholecystokinin (CCK) into the hypothalamus. Recently, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMN) is believed to play an important role in feeding control. Here we investigate whether the inputs from cerebellar interpositus nucleus (IN) can reach and converge onto single DMN neurons with some feeding-related visceral signals, including gastric vagal inputs, CCK and blood glucose whose concentration is closely linked to food intake. Among the 259 DMN neurons recorded, 120 (46.3%) and 169 (65.3%) responded to the cerebellar IN and gastric vagal stimulations, respectively. Within the 120 DMN neurons responsive to the cerebellar IN stimulation, 98 (81.7%) also responded to the gastric vagal stimulus and a summation of the responses was observed further (n = 20), suggesting a convergence and interaction of cerebellar and gastric vagal inputs on the cells. Moreover, of the 98 cells receiving convergent inputs from cerebellar IN and gastric vagal nerves, 69 (70.4%) were identified to be glycemia-sensitive, in which 22 (68.8%) of the 32 tested neurons were also sensitive to systemic CCK. These results demonstrate that the DMN integrates somatic information forwarded by the cerebellar IN and visceral signals related to food intake, including gastric vagal, CCK and glycemia, and electrophysiologically reveal a novel cerebellohypothalamic IN-DMN pathway through which the cerebellum may actively participate in the short-term feeding regulation.
	TO cite this article:Jing-Ning Zhu,Li Hongzhao,Ding Yi, et al. Cerebellar modulation on feeding-related neurons in rat dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus[OL].[ 8 January 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/27465


	5. Secretion of a heterologous cytoplasmic b-galactosidase in Bacillus subtilis
	Yu Xia,Hao Zhang,Jianxin Zhao,Fengwei Tian,Wei Chen
	Biology 29 December 2008
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	Abstract:A cytoplasmic b-galactosidase (BgaB) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus IAM11001, which can not be secreted in Bacillus subtilis by mediation of two general secretory signal peptides, was secreted in Bacillus subtilis when it was fused to a twin-arginine signal peptide. The extracellular BgaB enzymatic activity accounted for about 39% of the total enzymatic activity at 18 h of cultivation in Luria-Bertani medium. As a control of secretion, the extracellular BgaB enzymatic activity obtained at the same time of cultivation accounted for less than 3% of the total enzymatic activity when the signal peptide coding sequence was absent from the N-terminus of the target gene bgaB.
	TO cite this article:Yu Xia,Hao Zhang,Jianxin Zhao, et al. Secretion of a heterologous cytoplasmic b-galactosidase in Bacillus subtilis[OL].[29 December 2008] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/27070


	6. A Plausible Model of the Floral Phyllotaxis of Sunflower
	W.S. Yang,Zhao Rusheng
	Biology 15 December 2008
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	Abstract:Pointing out that the published experimental facts regarding development of sunflower capitulum can be understood better if the capitulum meristem is similar in size with the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis, and then assuming that it functions also similarly as the Arabidopsis SAM, a model is proposed for the floral phyllotaxis of sunflower, which consists of the following three key points. The primordium initiation process of sunflower capitulum is interpreted as, in terms of mathematics, being equivalent to a series of hyperbolic rotations. To take advantage of the unique character of the hyperbolic-rotation transformation of a hyperbolic object, so to make the hundreds of primordia well organized on the capitulum, the meristem must be able to initiate primordia with a divergence angle of around 137.5°, so to form a quasi-hyperbolic object. This is why meristems possessing this capability are chosen by natural selection in evolution. Although random errors in divergence angles do make the floral patterns only quasi-hyperbolic, but do not block their development into a floral phyllotaxis with a Fibonacci ratio like 89:55, because the errors can be reduced step by step and spontaneously in the hyperbolic-rotation growth process.
	TO cite this article:W.S. Yang,Zhao Rusheng. A Plausible Model of the Floral Phyllotaxis of Sunflower[OL].[15 December 2008] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/26580


	7. A Fibre-Assembling-Pressure Model for Developing Root Pressure
	Wang Xiaoen
	Biology 12 December 2008
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	Abstract:For decades, it has well been known that the drive force of conducting both water and dissolved mineral ions from roots to leaves of plants makes mainly up of two: the pull of transpiration from leaves and root pressure. It had early been clear with regard to the transpiring pull, but mechanisms how root pressure be developed, hitherto, is fuzzy. Based on both experimental phenomenon of siphon-like transport of water defying gravity along fibre surface and crystallisation mechanisms, this paper theoretically suggests a fibre-assembling-pressure model for developing root pressure. According to the model, in roots the continuous polymerization of fiberized network, such as formation of nascent cell wall and maturity of xylem, can develop the fibre-assembling pressure, a positive hydraulic pressure. For a plant that grows with vigor, growth of all of fibres, such as xylem, can provide a drive force for water transport, division and expansion of cells in meristems, and gravitropic growth of roots.
	TO cite this article:Wang Xiaoen . A Fibre-Assembling-Pressure Model for Developing Root Pressure [OL].[12 December 2008] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/26564


	8. The computed tomography and gross anatomies of nasal cavity and sinuses in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)
	Zhong-Tian Bai,Hong-Ju Wang,Jing-Chen Chen,Guo-Qiang Yuan,Lian-Lian Li,Jian-Lin Wang
	Biology 05 December 2008
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	Abstract:The structures of nasal cavity and sinuses of the Bactrian camel and their adaptability to living environments were investigated using 64-slices spiral computed tomography (CT) and gross anatomy. The results show that the Bactrian camel owns large and complex concha, narrow nasal meatus and large sinuses in volume. All these properties may relate to its living conditions of frequent sand-storms and aridity. This will offer the important references to the research of nasal morphology and adaptive physiological mechanism to its environment. And the present results and methods present useful references to the construction of nasal airflow model in the Bactrian camel.
	TO cite this article:Zhong-Tian Bai,Hong-Ju Wang,Jing-Chen Chen, et al. The computed tomography and gross anatomies of nasal cavity and sinuses in the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)[OL].[ 5 December 2008] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/26364


	9. Hydrophobic Variety of Chromatin in Cellular processes
	Xiao-en Wang
	Biology 06 November 2008
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	Abstract:The discrepancies of molecular structure between DNA and RNA result to their different nature. Deoxyribose constituting DNA is more hydrophobic than ribose constituting RNA. On the chemical principle of similar substances can be soluble with each other (SSSEO), here, I propose that the DNA, nucleoplasm, and decondensational state of chromatin are more hydrophobic than the RNA, cytoplasm, and condensational state, respectively. Based on this point, many biological processes, such as the disappearance and reappearance of nuclear envelope during division of eucaryote, the spontaneous exit of RNA to cytoplasm after synthesis within nucleus, and the relation between chemical modifications of chromatin and some important cellular processes, may be well explicated.
	TO cite this article:Xiao-en Wang. Hydrophobic Variety of Chromatin in Cellular processes[OL].[ 6 November 2008] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/25495


	10. Allelopathic effects of Solanum glycoalkaloids and their interactions
	Fang Sun,Li Shengyu,Zhao Xuesong,He Dajun,Guo Yongjian, Yifa Zhou
	Biology 27 September 2008
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	Abstract:The inhibiting effects on cucumber radicle growth of the four glycoalkaloids isolated from solanum plants were evaluated. The individually inhibitory effect of the four glycoalkaloids was concentration-dependent. The 1:1 mixtures of chaconine and solanine or solamargine and solasonine, produced markedly synergistic effects while the mixtures of unpaired glycoalkaloids from different plants did not have this effects. The possible antagonistic, additive or synergistic effect of the mixtures of two compounds in different ratios was tested by isobole diagram method. The results showed that the mixtures of paired glycoalkaloids chaconine/solanine acted synergistically in the test ratios; solamargine/solasonine caused synergistic effect in the ratios of 3:1, 2:1, antagonistic effect in the ratios of 1:2 to 1:3; additive response in the ratios of 3:2, 1:1 and 2:3. The mixtures of unpaired glycoalkaloids did not cause synergism over the range of the test ratios.
	TO cite this article:Fang Sun,Li Shengyu,Zhao Xuesong, et al. Allelopathic effects of Solanum glycoalkaloids and their interactions[OL].[27 September 2008] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/24433

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