Abstract:Potamogeton is one of the most difficult groups to clarify in aquatic plants, which have an extensive range of interspecific morphological and ecological diversity. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA is prevalent for phylogenetic analysis in plants. However, most researches have demonstrated that ITS regions show a high percentage of homoplasy in phylogenetic data sets. In this study, eighteen materials were collected in the genus Potamogeton from China and an incongruence was shown between the rbcL and ITS phylogenies. To solve this discrepancy, we sequenced a novel barcode PHYB gene to improve resolution and accuracy of the phylogenetic relationships. The PHYB phylogenetic analysis successfully resolved the incongruence between the rbcL and ITS phylogenies. In addition, six hybrids were confirmed using the PHYB marker, including P. compressus × P. pusillus, P. octandrus × P. oxyphyllus, P. gramineus × P. lucens, P. distinctus × P. natans, P. distinctus × P. wrightii, and S. pectinata × S. amblyophylla. Whereas, only one hybrid was identified (P. compressus × P. pusillus) for the ITS phylogeny, indicating that ITS homoplasy is present in Potamogeton and ITS regions completely homogenized towards to one parental type. Thus, ITS regions maybe have limited utility in phylogenetic relationships for Potamogeton. It is recommended that a three-locus combination of chloroplast DNA, ITS and PHYB is potential to effectively reveal more robust phylogenetic relationships and species identification.

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	1. Identification of hybrids in Potamogeton：incongruence between plastid and ITS regions solved by a novel barcoding marker PHYB
	Tao Yang,Tian-lei Zhang,Ming-fang Du,Feng-qin Tian,Xing Liu,Youhao Guo
	Biology 14 June 2016
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	Abstract:Potamogeton is one of the most difficult groups to clarify in aquatic plants, which have an extensive range of interspecific morphological and ecological diversity. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA is prevalent for phylogenetic analysis in plants. However, most researches have demonstrated that ITS regions show a high percentage of homoplasy in phylogenetic data sets. In this study, eighteen materials were collected in the genus Potamogeton from China and an incongruence was shown between the rbcL and ITS phylogenies. To solve this discrepancy, we sequenced a novel barcode PHYB gene to improve resolution and accuracy of the phylogenetic relationships. The PHYB phylogenetic analysis successfully resolved the incongruence between the rbcL and ITS phylogenies. In addition, six hybrids were confirmed using the PHYB marker, including P. compressus × P. pusillus, P. octandrus × P. oxyphyllus, P. gramineus × P. lucens, P. distinctus × P. natans, P. distinctus × P. wrightii, and S. pectinata × S. amblyophylla. Whereas, only one hybrid was identified (P. compressus × P. pusillus) for the ITS phylogeny, indicating that ITS homoplasy is present in Potamogeton and ITS regions completely homogenized towards to one parental type. Thus, ITS regions maybe have limited utility in phylogenetic relationships for Potamogeton. It is recommended that a three-locus combination of chloroplast DNA, ITS and PHYB is potential to effectively reveal more robust phylogenetic relationships and species identification.
	TO cite this article:Tao Yang,Tian-lei Zhang,Ming-fang Du, et al. Identification of hybrids in Potamogeton：incongruence between plastid and ITS regions solved by a novel barcoding marker PHYB[OL].[14 June 2016] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4697545


	2. Phenotypic and growth variation of Spartina alterniflora along elevation gradient in saltmarsh on the coast of China
	Deng Zifa,Zhou Rong,Xie Xiaoling,Xie Huansong
	Biology 19 December 2013
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	Abstract:Many researches demostrated there is a strong relationship between phenotypic plasticity and plant invasiveness, especially in a frequently disturbed environments. In order to reveal the phenotypic plasticity and reproductive traits of the invasive species, Spartina alterniflora, along an elevation gradient in the salt marsh of Jiangsu Province, Chian, five parallel sample zones were set from the seaward to the upland with a small scale elevation gradient, and the environmental factors, growth and photosynthetic parameters of Spartina alterniflora were surveyed. The results show that there are significant differences for four environmental factors (pH, salinity, organic matter and available nitrogen) and some growth parameters among five sample zones. The changes of salinity, organic matter and available nitrogen are in verse, and they show a bell-shaped. Plant phenotypic parameters show a similar variation as that of salinity along the elevation gradient. The sexual reproductive traits (the ratio of reproductive stem to vegetative stem, spike length, seed set and germination rate) in the seaward are significantly lower than that in other sample zones, however, the number of buds reproduced from rhizomes was the most among that of five zones. The rate of rhizome allocation (as an indicator of clonal reproduction) is highest, and the rate of spike allocation (an indicator of sexual reproduction) is the least in the seaward population among that of all zones. In addition, there is a positive feedback relationship between growth of S. alterniflora and soil nutrition (organic matter and total nitrogen). The results indicate that the invasive species S. alterniflora represents a strong phenotypic plasticity even though along a small elevation gradient in the saltmarsh, and this plasticity and the trade-off between sexual and clonal reproductive strategies may be of significant importance for the invasion and outbreak of S. alterniflora.
	TO cite this article:Deng Zifa,Zhou Rong,Xie Xiaoling, et al. Phenotypic and growth variation of Spartina alterniflora along elevation gradient in saltmarsh on the coast of China[OL].[19 December 2013] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4576373

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	3. Identification of floral fragrances in freesia cultivars and hybrids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
	Xiao-yan Gao,Gao Xiang,Bao-feng Liu,Gao Fengzhan,Li Wang
	Biology 29 October 2013
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	Abstract:Floral fragrance compounds of one freesia specie with four cultivars and ten hybrids were studied using static headspace extraction method followed by GC-MS analysis. In total, 43 compounds were identified with an average range of 3 and 25 compounds per plant. The main classes of compounds in most plants were isoprenoids, fatty acid derivatives accompanied by sulphur-containing compounds and nitrogen-containing compounds. Among the compounds, linalool (26.6-85.4%) was identified as the major component. In the parents and the studied progenies, the segregation laws of the scent traits in this cross were preliminarily unveiled and stable inheritance of the main components were observed. Based on the measurement of S?rensen's index of similarity (Is), nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) was used to detect meaningful underlying dimensions and similarities between the investigated cultivars. The MDS analysis showed two groups of cultivars. These results were also discussed from the view of common pollinators like butterflies, moths, and bees.
	TO cite this article:Xiao-yan Gao,Gao Xiang,Bao-feng Liu, et al. Identification of floral fragrances in freesia cultivars and hybrids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[OL].[29 October 2013] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4566533


	4. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of polyphenols from burs of Castanea mollissima Blume
	Yin Peipei,Zhao Shan,Siyu Chen,Jieyuan Liu,,Lingling Shi,Liu Yujun,Ma Chao
	Biology 26 March 2012
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	Abstract:Substantial evidence suggests that phenolic extracts of Castanea mollissima Spiny burs（CMPE）increase pancreatic cell viability after STZ (streptozotocin) treatment as a result of their antioxidant properties. In the present study, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of CMPE were studied in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats. CMPE were orally administrated at dose of 150 and 300 mg/kg twice a day for 12 consecutive days. Serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and SOD activity in liver, kidney, spleen and heart tissues were spectrophotometrically measured. In normal rats, no significant changes were observed in serum glucose, lipid profiles and tissue MDA and GSH levels after orally administration of CMPE. In diabetic rats, orally administration of CMPE at dose of 300 mg/kg caused significant decrease in serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol levels, as well as MDA and GSH levels in spleen and liver tissues. However, dosage of 300 mg/kg caused a significant body weight lose in both normal and diabetic rats. The observed effects indicated that CMPE could be further developed as potential compounds to prevent abnormal changes in blood glucose and lipid profile and to attenuate lipid peroxidation in liver and spleen tissues.
	TO cite this article:Yin Peipei,Zhao Shan,Siyu Chen, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of polyphenols from burs of Castanea mollissima Blume[OL].[26 March 2012] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4473103


	5. Involvement of chloroplast-derived ROS in 3-acetyl-5-isopropyltetramic acid induced leaf necrosis in Arabidopsis thaliana
	CHEN Shiguo,Yin Chunyan,Zhou Fengyan,Strasser Reto J?rg,QIANG Sheng
	Biology 09 April 2011
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	Abstract:3-AIPTA (3-acetyl-5-isopropyltetramic acid), a derivate of tetramic acid, can cause a brown leaf spot disease in many plants and may quickly kill seedlings of mono- and dicotyledonous plants. In this study, to further elucidate the mode of action of 3-AIPTA, a series of experiments was performed to assess the production and role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during 3-AIPTA-induced cell necrosis. When Arabidopsis leaves were incubated with 3-AIPTA, the PSII electron transport beyond QA and the reduction of end acceptors at the PSI acceptor side were inhibited, followed by the occurrence of charge recombination and electron leakage to O2, resulting in the chloroplast-derived oxidative burst. However, the main antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) lost their activity. Excess ROS molecules directly attacked a variety of cellular components and subsequently caused electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and cell membrane disruption. Finally, this led to cell destruction and leaf tissue necrosis. Thus, 3-AIPTA-triggered leaf necrosis of Arabidopsis is a result of direct oxidative injury from the chloroplast-originated ROS burst attributed to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport.
	TO cite this article:CHEN Shiguo,Yin Chunyan,Zhou Fengyan, et al. Involvement of chloroplast-derived ROS in 3-acetyl-5-isopropyltetramic acid induced leaf necrosis in Arabidopsis thaliana[OL].[ 9 April 2011] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4421106


	6. The fragment containing CP gene of Cucumber mosaic virus determines the severe leaf distortion phenotype expression on N. tabacum
	Xu Gang,Wu Peng,Liao Qian-sheng,Chen Ji-shuang
	Biology 04 March 2009
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	Abstract:The Cb7 isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) induces severe leaf distortion on Nicotiana tabacum in contrast to CMV-Fny that causes systemic mosaic in this host. It was found that N. tabacum plants infected with the reassortant, a combination of transcripts derived from cDNAs of CMV-Fny RNA1 and 2 (F1 and F2) and of CMV-Cb7 RNA3 (F12C3), displayed severe leaf distortion symptoms characteristic of the wild-type Cb7 infection, indicating that genomic RNA3 had a distinctive role in the determination of the symptom. An exchange of the fragment containing CP gene between Cb7 and Fny constructed two chimeric RNA3s: CFB, including CP gene of Fny, and FCB, including CP gene of Cb7. Each chimera mixed with F1 and F2 was inoculated onto N. tabacum. The F12CFB-infected plants expressed systemic mosaic symptoms, while the F12FCB-infected ones showed severe leaf distortion symptoms. The results suggested that the genetic determinant of the severe leaf distortion symptom showing on N. tabacum was exclusively associated with the fragment containing CP gene in the Cb7 genome. Accumulation of CMV RNAs in the systemic leaves of N. tabacum plants infected with the reassortant was determined using Northern blotting. The results showed that the accumulation of subgenomic RNA4 of F12FCB was significantly higher than that of F12CFB and Fny, as a control, and the amounts of RNA4 of F12CFB were equivalent to those of Fny. Therefore, it had been inferred that the high amounts of viral subgenomic RNA4, presenting high accumulation of CP, might be responsible for the severe leaf distortion symptom expression on N. tabacum.
	TO cite this article:Xu Gang,Wu Peng,Liao Qian-sheng, et al. The fragment containing CP gene of Cucumber mosaic virus determines the severe leaf distortion phenotype expression on N. tabacum[OL].[ 4 March 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/29878


	7. A Plausible Model of the Floral Phyllotaxis of Sunflower
	W.S. Yang,Zhao Rusheng
	Biology 15 December 2008
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	Abstract:Pointing out that the published experimental facts regarding development of sunflower capitulum can be understood better if the capitulum meristem is similar in size with the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis, and then assuming that it functions also similarly as the Arabidopsis SAM, a model is proposed for the floral phyllotaxis of sunflower, which consists of the following three key points. The primordium initiation process of sunflower capitulum is interpreted as, in terms of mathematics, being equivalent to a series of hyperbolic rotations. To take advantage of the unique character of the hyperbolic-rotation transformation of a hyperbolic object, so to make the hundreds of primordia well organized on the capitulum, the meristem must be able to initiate primordia with a divergence angle of around 137.5°, so to form a quasi-hyperbolic object. This is why meristems possessing this capability are chosen by natural selection in evolution. Although random errors in divergence angles do make the floral patterns only quasi-hyperbolic, but do not block their development into a floral phyllotaxis with a Fibonacci ratio like 89:55, because the errors can be reduced step by step and spontaneously in the hyperbolic-rotation growth process.
	TO cite this article:W.S. Yang,Zhao Rusheng. A Plausible Model of the Floral Phyllotaxis of Sunflower[OL].[15 December 2008] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/26580


	8. Antifungal activity of five solanaceous glycoalkaloids and their mixtures against phytopathogenic fungi Cercosporella brassicae and Alternaria porri
	ZHAO Xue-song,GAO Ling,WANG Juan,XU Wenjing,BI Hongtao,ZHOU Yi-fa
	Biology 22 July 2008
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	Abstract:The antifungal activity of five solanaceae glycoalkaloids solanine, chaconine, solasonine, solamargine and tomatine against phytopathogenic fungi Cercosporella brassicae and Alternaria porri has been evaluated. Tomatine showed the highest antifungal activity against C. brassicae and A. porri among five compounds, followed with chaconie, solamargine and solasonine, while solanine showed the lowest antifungal activity. Mixture of potato glycoalkaloids solanine and chaconine produced marked synergistic antifungal activity. The magnitude of synergisms is higher at lower concentrations than that at higher concentrations. The antifungal activity of individual glycoalkaloid against A.porri was relative low, even no activity, but the mixture of chaconine and solanine show significant synergism. There was no synergism between glycoalkaloids solasonine and solamargine from Solanum nigrum in inhibiting fungul growth. The mixtures of solamargine and chaconine, and solasonine and solanine both caused additive inhibition on the growth of fungi.
	TO cite this article:ZHAO Xue-song,GAO Ling,WANG Juan, et al. Antifungal activity of five solanaceous glycoalkaloids and their mixtures against phytopathogenic fungi Cercosporella brassicae and Alternaria porri[OL].[22 July 2008] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/22992


	9. Identification of thidiazuron-induced ESTs expressed differentially during callus differentiation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Jinnan)
	Zhang Chun-Rong ,Huang Xue-Lin ,Wu Jian-Yong ,Feng Bi-Hong,Chen Yunfeng
	Biology 05 December 2005
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	Abstract:Embryogenic callus induced from petioles of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Jinnan) and maintained on kinetin (KN)-containing B5h medium becomes non-embryogenic with differentiation of tracheary elements when kinetin in the medium is replaced by thidiazuron (TDZ). To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the TDZ-induced morphological competence transition, we cloned the differentially expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from TDZ-treated callus of alfalfa using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). The expression patterns of genes induced by TDZ were found to change throughout the process of TDZ treatment. A homeodomain-leucine zipper protein gene, MSHB1, which was induced by TDZ, may be a transcription factor in the TDZ-regulation of alfalfa callus differentiation. The induction of trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP), which may decrease the level of trehalose-6-phosphate, and the induction of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), which increases the level of ethylene, by TDZ may be responsible for the termination of somatic embryogenesis.
	TO cite this article:Zhang Chun-Rong ,Huang Xue-Lin ,Wu Jian-Yong , et al. Identification of thidiazuron-induced ESTs expressed differentially during callus differentiation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Jinnan)[OL].[ 5 December 2005] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4069

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