Abstract:We first determined two complete mitochondrial genomes of Kinosternidae (Kinosternon leucostomum, 16 559bp and Sternotherus carinatus, 16 554bp) by primer walking and long-PCR technique, which were deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number FJ915117 and HQ114563 respectively. In the two sequences, we identified three distinctive features: (1) a 31bp nucleotides intergenic regions located between the COX1 and tRNASer (UCN) genes, but found so far generally overlapped by 9bp or 5bp in other turtle families; (2) a 10bp spacer between tRNACys and tRNATyr, while most other turtle families had no spacers; (3) a single nucleotide insertion in the ND4 gene of S. carinatus, which was rarely observed in other turtles. The phylogenetic analyses based on the 12 mtDNA protein genes indicated that the ML and BI trees all showed K. leucostomum and S. carinatus assembled together to form a clade of the Kinosternidae which was sister group to the Chelydridae; and the assemblage of Kinosternidae + Chelydridae had a sister-taxon relationship to the Cheloniidae + Testudinoidea clade. Although the Asian "box turtle" and the kinosternids all had the kinetic plastron with the hinge, it was found that the Asian "box turtle" was not close to the Kinosternidae, indicating that the hinge structure might not be derived from one common ancestor.

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	1. The complete mitochondrial genomes of Kinosternon leucostomum and Sternotherus carinatus and the phylogenetic position of Kinosternidae within Testudines
	Jing Wanxing,Zhang Yanyun,Nie Liuwang,Dai Xueting,Xia Xingquan,Huang Zhengfeng,Wang Ling,Jiang Yuan,Liu Luo
	Biology 23 February 2012
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	Abstract:We first determined two complete mitochondrial genomes of Kinosternidae (Kinosternon leucostomum, 16 559bp and Sternotherus carinatus, 16 554bp) by primer walking and long-PCR technique, which were deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number FJ915117 and HQ114563 respectively. In the two sequences, we identified three distinctive features: (1) a 31bp nucleotides intergenic regions located between the COX1 and tRNASer (UCN) genes, but found so far generally overlapped by 9bp or 5bp in other turtle families; (2) a 10bp spacer between tRNACys and tRNATyr, while most other turtle families had no spacers; (3) a single nucleotide insertion in the ND4 gene of S. carinatus, which was rarely observed in other turtles. The phylogenetic analyses based on the 12 mtDNA protein genes indicated that the ML and BI trees all showed K. leucostomum and S. carinatus assembled together to form a clade of the Kinosternidae which was sister group to the Chelydridae; and the assemblage of Kinosternidae + Chelydridae had a sister-taxon relationship to the Cheloniidae + Testudinoidea clade. Although the Asian "box turtle" and the kinosternids all had the kinetic plastron with the hinge, it was found that the Asian "box turtle" was not close to the Kinosternidae, indicating that the hinge structure might not be derived from one common ancestor.
	TO cite this article:Jing Wanxing,Zhang Yanyun,Nie Liuwang, et al. The complete mitochondrial genomes of Kinosternon leucostomum and Sternotherus carinatus and the phylogenetic position of Kinosternidae within Testudines[OL].[23 February 2012] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4468351


	2. The cathelicidin-like peptide derived from panda genome is a potential antimicrobial peptide
	Yan Xiuwen,Zhong Jian,Liu Huan,Liu Cunbao,Zhang Keyun,Lai Ren
	Biology 22 January 2012
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	Abstract:A novel cathelicidin-like antimicrobial peptide was identified by mining genome of panda. This peptide(cathelicidin-AM) was synthesized. It showed potential antimicrobial activities against wide spectrum of microorganisms including Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, and fungi. It had similar antimicrobial abilities against both standard and clinically isolated drug-resistant strains. Cathelicidin-AM could rapidly exert its antibacterial activities. It just took less than 1 h to kill all Staphylococcus sciuri at the concentration of 2, 4 or 10 times of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) while clindamycin took 6 h. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that cathelicidin-AM killed bacteria by directly affecting bacterial cell wall and membrane. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the panda cathelicidin had the nearest evolution relationship with dog cathelicidin. The current work provides a novel cathelicidin-like peptide with strong antimicrobial abilities.
	TO cite this article:Yan Xiuwen,Zhong Jian,Liu Huan, et al. The cathelicidin-like peptide derived from panda genome is a potential antimicrobial peptide[OL].[22 January 2012] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4463680

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	3. Progesterone decreases sexual behavior in male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan, China
	XIA Dongpo,LI Jinhua,Megan D. Matheson,SUN Lixing,SUN Binghua,ZHU Yong
	Biology 19 January 2012
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	Abstract:Previous studies have proposed that modulation by progesterone is fundamental to the regulation of sexual behavior in male mammals. Free-ranging Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) provide a case to test this hypothesis in non-human primates living in a natural environment. This study spanned from October 2005 to September 2006, including the seven months of the mating season (153 days) and five months of the non-mating season (150 days). A total of 426 fecal samples and approximately 453h of behavioral data were collected from the five target males, to study the physiological effect of progesterone on both group and individual levels. On the group level, progesterone levels varied seasonally during the study period. They were negatively correlated with testosterone, copulatory behavior, and sexually motivated behaviors as well. On the individual level, however, progesterone levels varied seasonally only in high-ranking monkeys, but not in low-ranking individuals. Negative correlations were also found between progesterone and testosterone levels, and sexually motivated behaviors in high-ranking monkeys, but not in low-rankings. Copulatory behaviors were not negatively correlated with progesterone levels in the five target monkeys consistently. Our results suggest that progesterone levels only regulate testosterone levels and sexually motivated behaviors in high-ranking monkeys. This study sheds light on the physiological function of progesterone on sexual behaviors in free-ranging male non-human primates, and also provides insight into reducing the sexual urges or sexual crime by progesterone treatment in male humans.
	TO cite this article:XIA Dongpo,LI Jinhua,Megan D. Matheson, et al. Progesterone decreases sexual behavior in male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan, China[OL].[19 January 2012] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4463269


	4. Discovery of the Tibetan Macaque (Macaca thibetana) as a New Primate Host of the Gullet Worm (Gongylonema pulchrum)
	ZHU Yong,LI Jinhua,JI Huan,XIA Dongpo,SUN Binghua,XU Yurui
	Biology 19 January 2012
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	Abstract:The gullet worm, Gongylonema pulchrum Molin, 1857, a genus of nematodes belonging to the Superfamily Spiruroidea is a zoonosis that occurs in the upper digestive tract of various mammals around the world. The infections of G. pulchrum have been widespread in humans in many countries. The hosts of this nematode are only reported in few non-human primates and infestation has not previously been reported in non-human primates in China. As the wild animals are known to be a potential source of human infection, we investigated the intestinal parasites of wild Tibetan macaques. We collected 76 fresh fecal samples of Tibetan macaques during Nov. 2009-Dec. 2009 and Mar. 2010-Apr. 2010, using washing precipitation and saturated saline flotation method for detection and identification of intestinal parasites in macaques. The incidence of G. pulchrum infection is high to 31.58%, which is the highest incidence rate among the 9 species intestinal parasites detected in Tibetan macaques. This is the first report that G. pulchrum was found infected in wild Tibetan macaques in China, which means enriched a new primate host of the G. pulchrum.
	TO cite this article:ZHU Yong,LI Jinhua,JI Huan, et al. Discovery of the Tibetan Macaque (Macaca thibetana) as a New Primate Host of the Gullet Worm (Gongylonema pulchrum)[OL].[19 January 2012] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4463266


	5. Grooming facilitate male-male bonds in Tibetan macaques Macaca thibetana
	XIA Dongpo,LI Jinhua,Paul A. Garber,Megan D. Matheson,SUN Lixing,SUN Binghua,ZHU Yong
	Biology 17 January 2012
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	Abstract:In several primate species adult males are reported to form affiliative, and cohesive social bonds and act jointly in mate and group defense. Biological market theory offers a model to examine the costs and benefits to individual group members of trading services and commodities. The model proposes that grooming can be used as agonistic buffer, and either serves to cement social bonds by reciprocal trade or interchange equivalent social service. However, little is known about the function of grooming on maintaining male-male bonds. In this study, we used focal animal sampling and continuously recorded dyadic grooming and agonistic interactions among male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) in a free-ranging group at Huangshan, China, to test hypotheses focused on grooming and aggression. The results showed that grooming reciprocity occurred principally between individuals of adjacent rank, however, male Tibetan macaques preferred to groom up the hierarchy (lower-ranking individuals groomed higher-ranking individuals more than vice versa). Our results also showed that grooming received decreased the amount of aggression given in dyadic interaction when high-ranking males directed aggression, but not middle-ranking and low-ranking males. This study suggests that male Tibetan macaques respond flexibly to different social classes, employing either grooming exchange or interchange depending on their rank relationship with another male. It provides new insight into the behavioral strategies that facilitate male-male relationships in non-human primates.
	TO cite this article:XIA Dongpo,LI Jinhua,Paul A. Garber, et al. Grooming facilitate male-male bonds in Tibetan macaques Macaca thibetana[OL].[17 January 2012] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4462708


	6. Catalogue of the Gyrodactylidae (Monogenea) of China, with a key to the current nominal species
	Shi Yanru,You Ping
	Biology 13 May 2011
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	Abstract:This paper gives a list of 52 species and 2 genera of the Gyrodactylidae from China. Citations and synonyms, if any, of each species are provided. Distributions and known host(s) are also reported. A key to these species in China are included as well as a discussion on the natural diversity of these important parasites in the region.
	TO cite this article:Shi Yanru,You Ping. Catalogue of the Gyrodactylidae (Monogenea) of China, with a key to the current nominal species[OL].[13 May 2011] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4427195


	7. Hibernation effects on muscle morphological characteristics and fiber type composition in dauria ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus
	GAO Yunfang,WANG Jun,WANG Huiping,FENG Ban,DANG Kai,WANG Qi,Helmut G. Hinghofer-Szalkay
	Biology 09 January 2011
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	Abstract:Aim: We studied effects of hibernation on extensor digitorum longus (EDL) weight, fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), fiber type distribution, and myosin ATPase activity in dauria ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus). Methods: Muscle mass, fiber CSA (video analysis), fiber type, and myosin ATPase activity (Ca2+-ATPase) were measured before and after 1 and 2 months of hibernation, and 2-4 days after arousal in different groups of ground squirrels. Results: Compared with pre-hibernation, body weight decreased by about 10% per hibernation month and muscle wet weight was not altered. However, muscle-to-body weight ratio increased significantly. Both type I and type II fiber CSA increased by about 8% during hibernation, with no obvious influence of hibernation duration. Hibernation caused a slight but significant decrease in both ATPase activity and the percentage of type II fibers. 2-4 days after arousal, both fiber CSA and fiber type distribution returned to pre-hibernation levels. No type II fiber sub-type can be identified in dauria ground squirrel EDL samples. Conclusion: We report first data on EDL fiber type distribution and hibernation effects in dauria ground squirrels. EDL did not show any sign of atrophy over the 3-month winter dormancy. These results suggest that a potential mechanism exists in hibernators that would allow them to prevent muscle atrophy for the prolonged disuse.
	TO cite this article:GAO Yunfang,WANG Jun,WANG Huiping, et al. Hibernation effects on muscle morphological characteristics and fiber type composition in dauria ground squirrels (Spermophilus dauricus[OL].[ 9 January 2011] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4401424


	8. A New Hindlimb Model for Inducing Extensor Digitorum Longus Atrophy in Rats: Tail suspension-immobilization
	Du Fangying,Wang Jun,Gao Yunfang,Wang Huiping,Wang Qi,Jiang Shanfeng,Nandu Goswami
	Biology 05 August 2010
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	Abstract:IObjectives: To examine the effects of a tail suspension-immobilization (TS+Im) and tail suspension only (TS) model on the morphous and fibre type distribution of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of rats. Quicker onset of disuse atrophy would reduce the amount of time the animals have to be subjected to tail suspension. Methods: 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into eight groups: the new hindlimb disuse model modeled group (with tail suspended and one hindlimb fixed by plaster-casting) and the control group. The EDL in the body matched groups were assessed using 1 week (wk), 2wk, 3wk, 4wk, 5wk, 6wk and 7wk of modeling (with tail suspended and one hindlimb fixed by plaster-casting). The frozen sections of the EDL were prepared, and the types of muscle fibre classified according to the intensity of their mATPase dyeing through the light microscope. The cross sectional area (CSA) of the single muscle fibres was measured using the software Motic Images Plus 2.0. Results: The CSA of EDL in rats decreased gradually after TS and TS+Im. The decrease of EDL’s CSA caused by TS+Im was much obvious than that caused by TS only. TS lead to the transition of type IIB fibres to type I and IIA fibres while TS+Im led to type I and IIA fibres getting converted to type IIB fibres. Conclusions: When compared to TS only, TS+Im cause faster and much more reduction of the EDL‘s CSA in rats. TS+Im can also lead to a shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism of the EDL muscle fibre. The tail suspension-immobilization is a new and more effective hindlimb disuse model for the EDL.
	TO cite this article:Du Fangying,Wang Jun,Gao Yunfang, et al. A New Hindlimb Model for Inducing Extensor Digitorum Longus Atrophy in Rats: Tail suspension-immobilization[OL].[ 5 August 2010] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4380838


	9. Novel CHR-2 SINE subfamilies and t-SINEs identified in cetaceans using nonradioactive Southern blotting
	Yang Guang,Chenzhuo
	Biology 23 December 2009
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	Abstract:The SINEs are short interspersed repetitive elements that propagate in eukaryotic genomes via transcription followed by reverse transcription. Recent genomic surveys have demonstrated that SINEs are active in shaping the architecture of genomes and therefore are powerful markers for studies of phylogeny and population biology. In the present study, a new protocol was developed to apply nonradioactive digoxigenin-labeling system into isolation of SINEs rapidly, safely, and efficiently. The application of this approach is illustrated with discovery of thirteen informative SINEs and a novel member of the t-SINE family in the Omura’s whale (Balaenoptera omurai) and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), which is the first record of t-SINE in cetacean. Analysis of subfamily-specific genetic variability and insertions/deletions strongly suggested the existence of some novel CHR-2 SINE subfamilies in the cetacean genomes.
	TO cite this article:Yang Guang,Chenzhuo. Novel CHR-2 SINE subfamilies and t-SINEs identified in cetaceans using nonradioactive Southern blotting[OL].[23 December 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/37975


	10. The Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Helice tridens in the Tidal Flat of Yancheng
	YU NA,SUN Xinjin,LI Xiaobo,WANG Qun
	Biology 14 October 2009
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	Abstract:Between November 2006 and July 2007, we determined the heavy metal content in Helice tridens crabs inhabiting the tidal flat of Yancheng. The results showed that the accumulation of the essential elements Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ni was higher than that of the toxic element Pb; the specific relationship between elemental concentrations was Fe > Zn > Cu > Mn > Ni > Pb. We analyzed the seasonal distribution of the heavy metal content in the crabs, and found that there were seasonal differences in the contents of the six heavy metals. The seasonal distributions of the elements were in the following order: Fe content in spring > summer > autumn; Cu and Mn content in autumn > summer > spring; Zn, Ni, and Pb content in summer > spring > autumn. Thus, it was considered that temperature is not the principal factor influencing the accumulative rate of the heavy metals in H. tridens individuals. For example, there were certain differences in the heavy metal content in the crabs collected from different sampling points in autumn. In the cluster analysis, ten sampling points were approximately classified into three groups, which represented the coastal salt-industry culture area, the nature-reserve central area, and the estuarine industrial water area. The results of the cluster analysis suggested that the pollutants in the crabs’ habitats influenced the accumulation of heavy metals in their bodies. Moreover, we compared related data and found that Cu accumulation in the bodies of the crabs inhabiting the tidal flat of Yancheng was relatively low while the accumulation of Zn, Mn, Ni, and Pb was relatively high.
	TO cite this article:YU NA,SUN Xinjin,LI Xiaobo, et al. The Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Helice tridens in the Tidal Flat of Yancheng[OL].[14 October 2009] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/35796

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