Abstract:Thin limbs of the long looped nephrons (LLN) are of heterogenic ultrastructure and transportation, which is important for formation of the gradient osmolarity in renal medulla and therefore the concentrated urine. Here presented a detailed description of the epithelia, including ultra-structure and length and location of the epithelial types and subtypes of the descending thin limbs (DTL), as well as ascending thin limbs (ATL), of the LLN. Three adult C57/BL/6J mice were used for kidney tissue serial sections and computer assisted 3D reconstruction of nephrons. Based on tubular tracing, sections representing different epithelial types of DTL and ATL of the LLN were selected and re-embedded in Epon for the ultrastructural analysis. Three epithelial types, type-2, -3, and -4 in sequence are of their own ultrastructural features, running courses, and the spatial locations in renal medulla. Type-2 epithelium constituted the upper part of the DTL for a various distance, about (53.51±5.05)%, located in the outer two thirds of the inner stripe of the outer medulla (ISOM); while type 3 epithelium lined the middle part (38.47±3.06)% of the DTL, started at the border of the outer two thirds and inner one third of the ISOM, ended at the lower 1/5 to 1/4 of the whole length of the DTL, at the various levels of the inner medulla (IM); and type-4 lined the last part of the DTL for various distances, and constituted the pre-bend part of the DTL and the whole length of the ATL. For the individual nephrons, the location of the transition between type-2 and -3 was almost consistent, while the transition of the type-3 and -4 was at the various levels of the IM. According to the ultrastructure, traditional type-2 epithelium was subdivided into type-2a, -2b, and -2c. Type-2a constituted initial part of the DTL of LLN with highly complex ultrastructure and tortuous course for various distances, whereas type-2b and -2c were structurally less complex with less tortuous course, compared with type-2a, and gradually transferred into type-3 around the border of outer and inner medulla (check). In conclusion, different epithelial types and subtypes along DTL and ATL were arranged in a regular sequence, but of various lengths and locations, suggesting regional or segmental transportation properties.

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	1. Ultrastructure of mouse thin limbs of Henle's loops based on serials sections and 3D reconstuction
	WEN Yu,ZHAI Xiaoyue
	Basic Medicine 03 March 2014
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	Abstract:Thin limbs of the long looped nephrons (LLN) are of heterogenic ultrastructure and transportation, which is important for formation of the gradient osmolarity in renal medulla and therefore the concentrated urine. Here presented a detailed description of the epithelia, including ultra-structure and length and location of the epithelial types and subtypes of the descending thin limbs (DTL), as well as ascending thin limbs (ATL), of the LLN. Three adult C57/BL/6J mice were used for kidney tissue serial sections and computer assisted 3D reconstruction of nephrons. Based on tubular tracing, sections representing different epithelial types of DTL and ATL of the LLN were selected and re-embedded in Epon for the ultrastructural analysis. Three epithelial types, type-2, -3, and -4 in sequence are of their own ultrastructural features, running courses, and the spatial locations in renal medulla. Type-2 epithelium constituted the upper part of the DTL for a various distance, about (53.51±5.05)%, located in the outer two thirds of the inner stripe of the outer medulla (ISOM); while type 3 epithelium lined the middle part (38.47±3.06)% of the DTL, started at the border of the outer two thirds and inner one third of the ISOM, ended at the lower 1/5 to 1/4 of the whole length of the DTL, at the various levels of the inner medulla (IM); and type-4 lined the last part of the DTL for various distances, and constituted the pre-bend part of the DTL and the whole length of the ATL. For the individual nephrons, the location of the transition between type-2 and -3 was almost consistent, while the transition of the type-3 and -4 was at the various levels of the IM. According to the ultrastructure, traditional type-2 epithelium was subdivided into type-2a, -2b, and -2c. Type-2a constituted initial part of the DTL of LLN with highly complex ultrastructure and tortuous course for various distances, whereas type-2b and -2c were structurally less complex with less tortuous course, compared with type-2a, and gradually transferred into type-3 around the border of outer and inner medulla (check). In conclusion, different epithelial types and subtypes along DTL and ATL were arranged in a regular sequence, but of various lengths and locations, suggesting regional or segmental transportation properties.
	TO cite this article:WEN Yu,ZHAI Xiaoyue. Ultrastructure of mouse thin limbs of Henle's loops based on serials sections and 3D reconstuction[OL].[ 3 March 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4588604


	2. A Bayesian SPECT Image Reconstruction Algorithm for a High Resolution Brain Imaging System with Combined Parallel hole and Pinhole Collimation
	Huang Qiu
	Basic Medicine 27 February 2014
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	Abstract:A brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imager is simulated for obtaining high resolution brain scans for various imaging diagnostic applications such as in diagnosing brain ischemia. In this simulation the camera consists of one large field of view detector with parallel hole collimation and five smaller field of view high resolution detectors with pinhole collimation. The parallel hole collimation detector images the whole brain and acquires data without truncation. It localizes areas of particular diagnostic interest, and also provides support information for the reconstruction of data acquired by the pinhole collimation detectors. The five pinhole collimation detectors image small regions of the brain. They provide high resolution truncated projections, from which high resolution region of interest (ROI) is obtained. The reconstruction is performed using a Bayesian estimate with total variation regularization within the ROI and the low resolution image from the parallel hole collimation detector as the prior information. The camera improves the quantitation for the interior problem. The combination of large field of view parallel hole collimation detector and smaller field of view high resolution pinhole detectors improves the quantitation in simulated brain imaging. It makes use of the high sensitivity of the pinhole collimator while compensates for the degradation in the reconstructed image due to interior problem caused by the small field of view of the pinhole collimator. This work is expected to be verified through phantom data or clinical data acquired in the study of brain ischemia, where the quantitation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR) are valuable in diagnosis, and the quantitation of benzodiazepine receptor density is important in evaluating neuronal damage due to ischemic effects.
	TO cite this article:Huang Qiu. A Bayesian SPECT Image Reconstruction Algorithm for a High Resolution Brain Imaging System with Combined Parallel hole and Pinhole Collimation[OL].[27 February 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4587320

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	3. Interior SPECT Reconstruction Problem - A Prelimilary Study for High Resolution Pinhole Brain Imaging
	Huang Qiu
	Basic Medicine 27 February 2014
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	Abstract:Kudo et al. presented a unique and stable solution to the interior problem in computed tomography (CT) given tiny a proiri knowledge of the object. In this work we advance their result to the interior reconstruction problem in SPECT where a uniform attenuation map is assumed in brain imaging. In the theory, differentiation followed by backprojection (DBP) of truncated SPECT data is shown to obtain the truncated weighted Hilbert transform. Then with a proiri information on a small part of the region-of-interest (ROI), the other part of the ROI is shown to be available using the projection onto convex sets (PCOS) method.
	TO cite this article:Huang Qiu. Interior SPECT Reconstruction Problem - A Prelimilary Study for High Resolution Pinhole Brain Imaging[OL].[27 February 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4587296


	4. Noise reduction in ventricle strain estimation based on simulated and real heart Ultrasound images
	ZHANG Yaonan,LI Sai,LI Xian,YANG Jun
	Basic Medicine 20 February 2014
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	Abstract:Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a revolutionary treatment for heart failure diseases. Ultrasound echocardiography remains a valuable imaging technique for CRT patient selection, but it is still not accepted by the clinical society because of its inconsistent measurement results. A computational simulation could be a viable approach for validation. This paper reports our initial results of Ultrasound imaging simulation on heart. Based the simulated data and real Ultrasound images, we investigated the methods to improve the speckle tracking and strain estimation in Ultrasound echocardiography. The results turned out that a proper noise filtering and background removal could significantly improve the outputs of speckle tracking and strain estimation
	TO cite this article:ZHANG Yaonan,LI Sai,LI Xian, et al. Noise reduction in ventricle strain estimation based on simulated and real heart Ultrasound images[OL].[20 February 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4586212


	5. Association study of 8 moderate penetrance gene variants with breast cancer in Chinese population
	CHEN Jun,YANG Xuexi
	Basic Medicine 17 February 2014
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	Abstract:In this paper, 8 tag SNP markers (rs1800054 in ATM, rs180177102 and rs180177132 in PALB2, CHEK2 1100 delC, CHEK2 IVS2+1G>A, RAD50, rs1801320 in RAD51, rs6138178 in SNRPB), which all belonged to moderate penetrance genes, were detected via Sequenom MassArray? iPLEX System in 487 breast cancer patients and 522 healthy controls. Association analysis based on unconditional logistic regression was carried out to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each SNP. Stratified analyses according to geographical region and the status of Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Progesterone Receptor (PR), were also performed. Among these 8 SNPs, 6 variants (rs1800054, rs180177102, rs180177132, CHEK21100DELC, CHEK2IVS2+1G>A, RAD50) were not polymorphisms at all. The remaining 2 variants (rs1801320 and rs6138178) did not show statistically significant differences between the case and control groups in this Han Chinese population. However, rs1801320, a variant of RAD51, shows significant association with the risk of breast cancer in Shandong population. In addition to this, rs1801320 was association with both ER-positive and PR-positive breast cancer. Meanwhile, rs6138178 on SNRPB increased the risk of breast cancer in Guangdong population, however, decreased in Shandong population. These results indicate although no breast cancer risk alleles in moderate penetrance susceptibility gene were found in present population, rs1801320 in RAD51 and rs6138178 on SNRPB are significant association with breast cancer risk in specific region.
	TO cite this article:CHEN Jun,YANG Xuexi. Association study of 8 moderate penetrance gene variants with breast cancer in Chinese population[OL].[17 February 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4585536


	6. Polymorphisms in estrogen receptor 1 are associated with the susceptibility of breast cancer and the status of ER, PR in Chinese Han population
	YANG Xuexi,LI Xin,QIU Yurong
	Basic Medicine 15 February 2014
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	Abstract:Estrogen receptor has been demonstrated as an enhancer in the development of breast cancer and its expression is related to endocrine therapy of breast cancer. Three variants (rs3757318, rs2046210 and rs3734805) in ESR1 which selected from previous GWAS studies were genotyped via Sequenom MassArray? iPLEX System in 845 breast cancer patients and 882 healthy controls. Association analysis based on unconditional logistic regression was carried out to determine the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each SNP. Stratified analyses according to the status of Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Progesterone Receptor (PR), were also performed. Of three SNPs, rs3735318 did not pass HWE test, so exclude from the followed analysis. Other two SNPs (rs2046210, rs37324085) strongly associated with susceptibility of breast cancer. Allele T of rs2046210 and Allele C of rs373485 were risk alleles and the adjusted odds rations for them were 1.36 (95% CI: 1.18-1.56, P<0.0001) and 1.32 (95%CI: 1.14-1.53, P<0.0001). Furthermore, the risk allele of rs2046210 was prone to negative than positive in ER and PR immunohsitochemical test, OR of 0.602 (95% CI: 0.384-0.944, P=0.027) and 0.532 (95% CI: 0.609-0.930, P=0.006), respectively. Our study data imply that rs2046210 and rs373485 could be risk markers of breast cancer in Chinese women. Besides, women with breast cancer carried risk allele of rs2046210 may be not suitable for endocrine therapy and have pooper prognosis due to the high probability of ER/PR-negative.
	TO cite this article:YANG Xuexi,LI Xin,QIU Yurong. Polymorphisms in estrogen receptor 1 are associated with the susceptibility of breast cancer and the status of ER, PR in Chinese Han population[OL].[15 February 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4585620


	7. Potassium Channels Depression is involved in the Apolipoprotein E4 enhanced Calcium Influx via N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor
	Qin Ying,Yang Lifan,Weng Yuteng,Luo Xiaoli
	Basic Medicine 29 January 2014
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	Abstract:Among many suggested mechanisms of the association between the ε4 allele of apoplipoprotein E gene (APOE) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), the present study focused on the link of apoE4 to Ca2+ homeostasis. On the acutely isolated hippocampal neurons, our observation showed that: 1) apoE4 increased the [Ca2+]i greatly and immediately. It was in a dose- and time- dependent manner, and irreversible; 2) removing Ca2+ from external solution abolished apoE4's effect on [Ca2+]i; 3) nicardipine showed little effect on apoE4-elicited [Ca2+]i increasing, while MK-801 almost blocked the apoE4-induced Ca2+ influx; and 4) pretreatment with K+ channel opener significantly reduced the apoE4-induced [Ca2+]i increasing. The results suggest that apoE4 increased [Ca2+]i by way of NMDA receptor channels but not L-type Ca2+ channels; and the depression of K+ channel activities was involved in this effects of apoE4.
	TO cite this article:Qin Ying,Yang Lifan,Weng Yuteng, et al. Potassium Channels Depression is involved in the Apolipoprotein E4 enhanced Calcium Influx via N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor[OL].[29 January 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4584364


	8. Preparation of Disk-like Natural Hydroxyapatite Samples and Cell Culture on Their Surfaces
	WANG Jiandan,ZHANG Zhiwei,Lü Xiaoying
	Basic Medicine 15 January 2014
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	Abstract:The purpose of this study is to prepare natural hydroxyapatite (NHA) for biocompatibility study. The NHA was prepared from pig bones by means of a calcining procedure, and then were made into disk-like samples. Subsequently mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured in vitro and the cell viability metabolism standard curve was obtained. Finally the mouse MSCs were also tried to seed on the surface of disk-like NHA samples. The result showed NHA could be derived from pig bones by a 650 C calcining procedure. MSCs viability metabolism standard curve was obtained and proper cell density of 6000 cells per wells was selected. The cells grew well on the surface of disk-like NHA samples. These results demonstrated that NHA have good biocompatibility.
	TO cite this article:WANG Jiandan,ZHANG Zhiwei,Lü Xiaoying. Preparation of Disk-like Natural Hydroxyapatite Samples and Cell Culture on Their Surfaces[OL].[15 January 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4582445


	9. Apolipoprotein E4 Suppresses potassium currents in Hippocampal Neurons
	Qin Ying,Xie Dongping,Weng Yuteng,Luo Xiaoli,Yang Lifan
	Basic Medicine 13 January 2014
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	Abstract:apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele (APOE4) is one of the major risk factors for Alzheimer's disease，but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Our data show that: 1) application of apoE4 in extracellular solution suppresses the delayed rectifier potassium current (synonym: IK) by 18.9± 2.8 % and 18.1 ± 3.6 % (n=10, P<0.01), at +30 mV and +60 mV of membrane potential. The effect is reversible and shows no voltage-dependency; 2) extracellular application of apoE4 does not show any obvious effect on A-type fast transient potassium current (synonym: IA); 3) application of apoE4 in the intracellular solution suppresses both IA and IK. In case of IK, the reduction rate is 56.2 ± 7.6 % and 58.7 ± 7.4 % (n=10, P<0.01) at +30 mV and +60 mV of membrane potential, respectively; in case of IA, the reductive rate is 58.6 ± 9.7 % and 65.3 ± 8.6 % (n=10, P<0.01) at +30 mV and +60 mV, respectively; 4) the effects of intracellular apoE4 on both IA and IK show obvious voltage-dependent; and 5) in the contrast, application of apoA and apoE3 exhibits no effects on IK or IA. The results indicate that apoE4 molecules could suppress the potassium currents from neurons on both the inner and outer side of neuronal membrane, which support the propulsions that apoE4 expressed by neurons might be responsible for neuronal damages related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
	TO cite this article:Qin Ying,Xie Dongping,Weng Yuteng, et al. Apolipoprotein E4 Suppresses potassium currents in Hippocampal Neurons[OL].[13 January 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4581917


	10. Glaucocalyxin A induces apoptosis in human squamous cell carcinoma KB cellsthrough lysosomal-mitochondrial death pathway
	Sun Lingmei,Liao Kai
	Basic Medicine 09 January 2014
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	Abstract:Glaucocalyxin A (GLA) is a biologically active ent-kauranoid diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia japonicavar glaucocalyx, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, which has been shown to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Our results showed that GLA is a powerful growth inhibitor of K562, PC3, MCF-7 and KB cancer cells, IC50 ranged from 3～8.4 μM. Cell flow cytometry of GLA-treated KB cells showed a marked accumulation of cells in the S-phase and G2-phase fraction in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, staining for annexin V/PI, changes in nuclear morphology, and activation of caspase-9 and -3 support a role for apoptosis. Further investigation with squamous cell carcinoma KB cells found that GLA could induce an early lysosomal rupture within 6h as assessed by acridine-orange uptake. Additional experiments revealed that GLA could induce a dose-dependent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), trigger mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, release cytochrome c, and then down-regulate Bcl-2, up-regulate Bax. These results revealed that the cytoxicity of GLA was involved in a lysosomal-mitochondrial death pathwan
	TO cite this article:Sun Lingmei,Liao Kai. Glaucocalyxin A induces apoptosis in human squamous cell carcinoma KB cellsthrough lysosomal-mitochondrial death pathway[OL].[ 9 January 2014] http://en.paper.edu.cn/en_releasepaper/content/4581415

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